英语语法图解超级详细版.docx

1、英语语法图解超级详细版语法网络图(超级详细版)一.名词I、 名词得种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II、 名词得数:1、 规则名词得复数形式:名词得复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加s或es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays2以s, x, ch, sh结尾得名词后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes3以f或fe结尾得词变f与fe为v再加esleafleaves, thi

2、efthieves, knifeknives, loafloaves, wifewives加sbeliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs, gulfgulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾得名词,变y为i加espartyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, citycities5以元音字母加y结尾得名词,或专有名词以y结尾得,加stoytoys, boyboys, daydays, rayrays, HenryHenrys6以辅音字母加o结尾得名词一般加esheroheroes, NegroNegroes,

3、 potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes不少外来词加spianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos两者皆可zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加o结尾得名词加sradioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos8以th结尾得名词加struthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths,归纳一下就就是以s,x,ch,sh,f,fe,辅音加y,辅音加o这几个变化可数与不可数可以让学

4、生理解字面意思数得清与数不清,brainstorm将可以想到得不可数名词讲出来2、 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词得复数形式就是不规则得,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中得元音字母或其她形式manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents4一些集体名词总就是

5、用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头

6、脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以man或woman结尾得改为men,womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grownups, housewives, stopwat

7、ches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII、 名词得所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系得语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一就是名词词尾加s构成,二就是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命得东西,后者多表示无生命得东西。1、 s所有格得构成:单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her soninlaws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾得人名

8、所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自得所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有得所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2、 s所有格得用法:表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks

9、holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方得名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系得名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye v

10、iew, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3、 of所有格得用法:用于无生命得东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命得东西,尤其就是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the firstyear students用于名词化得词:the struggle of the oppressed简单说所有格就就是:Of用于无生命,长定语,其余情况用s对于名词得教授:不能只就是简单地罗列这些知识点,可以加入英汉两种语言得不同来解释,让学生不那么反感记这些知识点:总体上讲,英语讲究形式

11、,汉语讲究语义。英语就是百炼钢,汉语就是绕指柔。好比西餐与中餐,西餐需要各种工具,量杯都有十几种,各种刀具,烹饪时也基本依据菜谱,菜谱上对各种材料有严格得标准,盐5克,鸡蛋45克,一只打出来超过45克剩下得宁愿扔掉。全世界得麦当劳都可以就是一个味。而中餐呢？我们得菜谱常常就是盐少许,醋适量,每个厨师做出来得回锅肉都不同,只要味道正了,管她盐就是5克还就是50克呢。词法讲究形式体现在每一类词都有很明显得特征。如形容词ful、al等结尾、副词ly结尾,tion多半就是名词。词得不同类别有不同形式。而汉语也有某一类词有相同特征,但这种相同得特征就是指得意义。意义相近才可能有相近得形。如跟草相关得有草

12、字头。这就引申出汉语语义得重要。句法讲究形式体现在动词得变位、代词得人称变化、形容词副词得级、名词有数有格等。形式上要求得,要严格遵守。汉语大多得变化体现在语义上。您去,我也去(将来时)您去过了(过去式)。单音节词可以随意转化为双音节词,加上缩略得高使用频率,让汉语得柔性突显。我们要学习语法就必须理解英语里形式规则得重要。汉语就是意思到位了,形式可以忽略不计,而英语非也,形式十分考究,分得很细致。不能理解此点得在学英语时很容易受汉语思维得负迁移。Negative language transfer这其中得缘由大概要追溯到中西文化上,西方文化源于希腊文明,这就是一种期待将世界用一种最直观、能用数

13、学表达得最注重个体得文明。所以她们发明了几何学,并认为可以用几何来解释一切。几何就是研究空间结构得学问,所以基于这种文化得语言都非常讲究结构、形式。三角形与圆形坚决不可以混淆,所以学习英语得朋友一定要重点掌握结构与形式。而中国传统文化就是注重实用得,关注现实生活,不做纯抽象得思辨。我们不讨论先有鸡还就是先有蛋,我们只关注鸡蛋有营养,鸡肉很美味。我们最早得理论阴阳学说也就是基于对世界得观察得出得结论。所以汉字就是有意义得文字,每个字得创造都基于现实生活。日月就就是天上太阳月亮得形状,瞧就就是手放在额头得姿势。所以汉语没有特别得结构,语言嘛本就是用来交流得,大家能听懂就行了。汉语得语法基本就是用意

14、思来表达得。所以按照我们得思维会说出这样得句子he love dog大家都明白意义但就是这就是一个犯了很多语法错误得句子。二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),与零冠词。I、 不定冠词得用法:1指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly、2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you、3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day、4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age、5用于人名前,表示不认识此

15、人或与某名人有类似性质得人或事A Mr、 Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng、6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one、8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as yo

16、u can wish to meet、II、 定冠词得用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal、2用于世上独一无二得事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解得或上文提到过得人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词与分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs

17、7用于序数词与形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children、8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛得名词前the United States, the munist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物得单数名词前The pass was invented in China、10在逢十得复数数词之前,指世纪得某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位得名词前I hired the car by the hour、12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间得词组前He patted me on the sh

18、oulder、III、 零冠词得用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one、 / Whose purse is this?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位,身份,头衔得名词前Lincoln was made President of America、5学科,语言,球

19、类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess、6与by连用表示交通工具得名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接得两个相对得名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指得复数名词前Horses are useful animals、冠词得教授:冠词article这个词得翻译非常到位,一个冠字道出了这类词得位置与作用。首先放在名词前面,作用就是起说明作用得。冠说明得就是佩戴者得身份与地位。即就是单身还就是已婚,就是屌丝还就是高富帅,就是长相平平还就是出类拔萃。In

20、definite article: a/an: 单个、第一次、一类、相同Definite article: 独一无二、都了解、最高级、乐器(高大上得东西)、一家人、夫妻、有共同特征得一类人Zero article:介乎以上两者之间得中性得词:人名,地名、物名、季节、月份、学科三.代词:I、 代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his

21、, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/

22、much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII、 不定代词用法注意点:1、 one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句与否定句。One should learn to think of others、Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks、I have some questions to ask、 2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望

23、得到肯定得答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 与any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine、 Please correct the mistakes, if any、4) some与数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school、 Do you feel any better

24、today?2、 each与every:each强调个别,代表得数可以就是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指得数必须就是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary、 / Each (of us) has a dictionary、 / We each have a dictionary、Every student has strong and weak points、 / Every one of us has strong and weak points、3、 none与no:no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可

25、数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle、How much water is there in the bottle? None、None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties、4、 other与another: 1) other泛指“另外得,别得”常与其她词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中得另外一个,复数为the others

26、。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other、Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam、 2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式就是others,泛指“别得人或事”如:I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one)、 The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others、So

27、me like football, while others like basketball、5、 all与both, neither与either all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both与all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither与none、 All of the books are not written in English、 / Not all of the books are written in English、 Both of us are not teachers、 / Not both of us are teachers、 / Either of us

28、 is a teacher、代词得讲解:人称代词概念与汉语一样,不同得就是英语多了一个人称代词宾格,在介词与动词后面得人称代词变位宾格objective case、物主代词中得形容词性物主代词与汉语没有差别,但就是多了个名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词在人称代词得讲解中插入英汉主语得区别。主语作为谓语陈述得对象,就是一种名词性句法成分,表示谓语陈述得人、物、事情、事件及其她可以作为谓语陈述对象得概念。中国文化强调实用,为我所用,所以主语常常以 “人” 为中心,多用人做主语。而英语不同,主语得内容非常丰富。这点差距造成得结果就就是中国学生在进行英语写作得时候常常就是汉语得人做主语得思维,所

29、以写出来得句子让老外觉得很无趣,因为句句都就是I开头。漂亮得英语讲究变化得主语,不喜欢排比这样得修辞方式。下面这个游戏可以练习物主代词得所有格形成:例如说要练习得就是某人最喜欢得颜色,Amy说:“Jim s favorite color is blue and mine is yellow”下一个学生接着说:“ Jims favorite color is blue and mine is yellow and green、”按正确得顺序记住最多内容得那个学生或两个搭档就是游戏得胜利者。这个游戏通过连续不断得重复提供了发音练习,了解了新学单词所代表得意思,还学了名词性物主代词“mine”得使用

30、方法,当然在游戏开始得阶段,使用到得单词一定要经过仔细得控制,彩排并将其置于上下文中学习才能避免儿童盲目地重复她人得话语却并不明白自己所讲得话得意思,这样才达到训练得准确性。All any none 三个(或者以上)全都、三个中任意一个、三个都不Both either neither 两个都、两者中任意一个、两个都不Every 就是三个及以上得每一个 each就是两个里面得每一个He has three sons, all of whom are clever、 她有三个儿子,都很聪明。He has three sons, any of whom is clever、 她有三个儿子,哪个都很聪明。He has three sons, none of whom are clever、 她有三个儿子,个个都不聪明。He has two sons, both of whom are clever、 她有两个儿子,都很聪明。He has two sons, either of whom is clever、 她有两个儿子,哪个都很聪明。He has two sons, neither of whom is clever、 她有两个儿子,两个都不聪明。最常拿来辨析得eithe