高考英语写作方法与技巧非常珍贵.docx

1、高考英语写作方法与技巧 非常珍贵2016高考英语作文（一）高考英语作文评分标准1本体总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。3词数少于或多余要求字数的，从总分中减去2分4评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点，应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性，上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。5拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英，美拼写汉词汇用法均可接受。6如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。7内容要点可用不同方式表达，对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。各档次的给分范围和

2、要求第五档（很好）；（21-25分）1完全完成了试题规定的任务。2覆盖所有内容要点。3应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。4语法或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或词汇所致。具备较强的语言运用能力。5有效地使用了语句间的成份，使全文结构紧凑。6完全达到了预期的写作目的。第四档（好）；（16-20分）1完全完成了试题规定的任务。2虽漏掉一两个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。3运用的语法结构或词汇方面能满足任务的要求。4语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。5应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。6达到了预期的写作目的。第三档（适当）；（11-15分）1

3、基本完成了试题规定的任务。2虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。3应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。4有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。5应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文内容连贯。6整体而言，基本达到了语气的写作目的。第二档（较差）；（6-10分）1未恰当完成试题规定的任务。2漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。3词法结构单调，词汇项目有限。4有一些语法结构词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。5较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。6信息未能清楚地传达给读者。第一档(差)；（1-5分）1未完成试题规定的任务。2明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是

4、未理解试题要求。3语法结构单调，词汇项目有限。4较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。5缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。6信息未能传达给读者。不得分（0分）未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判，写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。（二）高考英语作文评分标准详解一般来说，写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时，应该注意的主要内容为应用词汇和语法结构的数量上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则，“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方

5、面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言运用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成份，使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求、以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明，相对比较抽象，不易捉摸。一、如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”这里所说的“词汇”，可以从高级词汇的使用、同义词的使用、短语的使用等方面去理解：（一） 高级词汇的使用评分标准第五档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration, awkward, awfully, con

6、cern等词，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇，定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。1.I cant find any way to solve the problem. (换作高级词汇：I cant find any solution to the problem.)2.The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. (换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.)3.The question is really diffic

7、ult to understand. (换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing.)4.He had to face all the possible difficulties. (换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties)（二）同义词的使用 英语中有些词的使用频率非常高，比如interesting, clever等，在表达时大家都很喜欢用，这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到与众不同，给评卷者带来清新的感觉。例如：1.It will be

8、 very interesting. (换作同义词：It will be a lot of fun.)2.He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.( 换作同义词：He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.)3.Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents. (换作同义词：Last summer I toured New Jerse

9、y with my parents.)（三）适当利用短语取代单词 总体而言，使用短语的难度比单词要大一些，因此适当运用短语更能显出作者的功力。例如：1.Suddenly I had a good idea. (换作短语：Suddenly I came up with a good idea.)2.Take a moment to see what is happening around you. (换作短语：Take a moment to see what is going on around you.)3.Everyone should do his or her best. (换作短语：

10、Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.)二、如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”固定句式（如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等）、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。（一）使用固定句式1.She was robbed of her purse but she had no time to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.结构：She was robbed of her purse before she could c

11、all for help.)2.The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. (使用倒装结构：Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.)（二）使用现在分词结构现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动，而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如：1.Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to

12、 another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures. (换作现在分词短语：Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different race or cultures.)2.People worked together on the assembly line.(换作现在分词短语：People worked together on the assembly line, moving

13、 quickly and efficiently.)（三）使用定语从句定语从句的使用，不仅能使上下文更加流畅，也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如：1.My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius. (使用定语从句：My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.)2.My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about USA. (使用定语从

14、句：My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about the USA.)三、如何理解“上下文的连贯性”评分标准指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成份，使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性，就是指通过连接词（包括并列连词，从属连词和连接性副词）、非谓语动词短语等语法成分，使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达，从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体，连贯流畅。(一) 连接性副词连接性副词也被称为过渡词。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下，能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备，因此整个篇

15、章会因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有：also, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole等等。例如： 1.We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over. (使用连接性副词：We have quite a lot to do. Hopefull

16、y, we will be able to finish before the day is over.) 2.The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work his way through college. (使用连接性副词：Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his w

17、ay through college.)(二)使用从属连词 常见的从属连词有after, as, when, while, as long as, as soon as等。例如： 1.You work hard and never give up. You will succeed in your studies. (使用从属连词：So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.) 2.The teacher came in. the students were quiet. (使用从属连词：The students wer

18、e quiet as soon as the teacher came in.)四、如何理解“语言的得体性”评分标准要求考生应注意“语言得体性”，就是要求在表达时根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。（一）体裁和题材对得性的要求不同体裁和题材的文章有不同的用语要求。比如，书面通知中就不适合用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention, please?”等句子。这些句子只有在口头通知中才算得体的语句。2003年高考的书面表达要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信，介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房

19、。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系，所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地，叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性，像“The house is very suitable for you.”等语句显得相当主观，若改为“Do you think it is suitable for you? If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。另外， 英语中还有正式语和非正式语，书面语和口头语之分。写作前，还应该认真分析题目的体裁，根据不同的体裁，确定用语的类别。正式用语或书面语的句子结构严格遵循语法规则，所采用的单词使用频率不是很高，比如：permit, inform, disco

20、ver, depart等词都属于正式用语；而非正式用语或口头用语则较多地使用短语，所采用的单词使用频率高，也比较短。比如let, tell, find out, leave等等。费正式用语也经常使用简略语或缩略词。（二） 文化和思想内涵对得体性的要求只有了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响，才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如：1.People who live on the farm can hear cocks crow every morning. (rooster 和cock 都可表示“公鸡”，但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁，所以应把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)2

21、.Because he was ill, he had to stay at home yesterday. (本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了，所以他不得不呆在家里”。汉语思维中常常是先原因，后结果，而英语则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.)五、如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”，就是指在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。请看2003年全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文（节选）：I am very pleasant to learn that y

22、ou will come to China to study Chinese. I have found an apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a quiet tree-lined streetFangcao six-storeyed building, which is located on a where you are Street. It is only one bus stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, planning to study this summe

23、r. The apartment has a bedroom, in which there is a a single bed. Inside there is a for office and comfortable sofa, a desk bathroom and a kitchen. The apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters. The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the apartment will meet your expectation.出开头和结尾外， 本文适当发挥

24、的地方有五处（见文中标注），都是稍加扩展又立即收题，而且无一例外都是定语。这些信息的添加，不仅增强了文章的个性，而且使文章内容更加丰富。可见信息的添加不能旁逸斜出或标新立异，否则就会适得其反，突然增加一些出错的机会。高考英语作文完美炮制法高考英语写作技巧汇总（一）掌握技巧： （1）注意篇章结构，合理布局开始部分（opening paragraph）说出文中的要点、核心问题。正文部分（Body paragraphs）围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。 结尾部分（concluding paragraphs）对全文的总结和概括。要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，祛除与主题

25、无关的内容.（2）确定主题句主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。写主题句应注意以下几点：归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点提炼出一句具有概括性的话主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。（二）巧用连接词要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词表示罗列增加First, second, third, First, then / next, after that / next, finallyFor one thing for another,On (the) one handon th

26、e other hand,Besides / whats more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,Especially / In particular,表示时间顺序now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with,later, next, finally, immediately, soon, sudden

27、ly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment, form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, notuntil, before, after, when, while, as during,表示解释说明now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover, furthermore, in fact, actually表示转折关系but, however, whil

28、e, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course, after all,表示并列关系or, and, also, too, not only but also, as well as, both and, either or, neithernor表示因果关系because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to,

29、 due to, therefore, as a result (of), otherwise, sothat, suchthat表示条件关系as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless表示让步关系though, although, as, even if, even though, whether or, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)表示举例for exa

30、mple, for instance, such as, take for example表示比较be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)just like, just as,表示目的for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,表示强调in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, abov

31、e all,表示概括归纳in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion（三）掌握常用句型： 1. in order to为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。 He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.2. in order that她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 oclock.3. sothat他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。They were all so tired that they co