高中英语真题科普知识阅读理解5.docx

1、高中英语真题科普知识阅读理解5科普知识阅读理解（5）科普知识（阅读理解）由(2013辽宁,C)改编Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkalonecantmakeustired.Itsoundsabsurd.Butafewyearsago,scientiststriedtofindouthowlongthehumanbraincouldlaborwithoutreachingastageoffatigue(疲劳).Totheamazementofthesescientists,theydiscoveredthatbloodpassing

2、throughthebrain,whenitisactive,showsnofatigueatall!Ifwetookadropofbloodfromadaylaborer,wewouldfinditfulloffatiguetoxins(毒素)andfatigueproducts.ButifwetookbloodfromthebrainofanAlbertEinstein,itwouldshownofatiguetoxinsattheendoftheday.Sofarasthebrainisconcerned,itcanworkaswellandswiftlyattheendofeighto

3、reventwelvehoursofeffortasatthebeginning.Thebrainistotallytireless.Sowhatmakesustired?Somescientistsdeclarethatmostofourfatiguecomesfromourmentalandemotional(情感的)attitudes.Oneofsmostoutstandingscientists,J.A.Hadfield,says,“Thegreaterpartofthefatiguefromwhichwesufferisofmentalorigin.Infact,fatigueofp

4、urelyphysicaloriginisrare.”Dr.Brill,afamousAmericanscientist,goesevenfurther.Hedeclares,“Onehundredpercentofthefatigueofasittingworkeringoodhealthisduetoemotionalproblems.”Whatkindsofemotionsmakesittingworkerstired?Joy?Satisfaction?No!Afeelingofbeingbored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,afeelingofnotb

5、eingappreciatedthosearetheemotionsthattiresittingworkers.Hardworkbyitselfseldomcausesfatigue.Wegettiredbecauseouremotionsproducenervousnessinthebody.1.Whatsurprisedthescientistsafewyearsago?()A.Fatiguetoxinscouldhardlybefoundinalaborersblood.B.AlbertEinsteindidntfeelwornoutafteradayswork.C.Thebrainc

6、ouldworkformanyhourswithoutfatigue.D.Amentalworkersbloodwasfilledwithfatiguetoxins.2.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcanmakesittingworkerstired?()A.Challengingmentalwork.B.Unpleasantemotions.C.Endlesstasks.D.Physicallabor.3.Whatstheauthorsattitudetowardsthescientistsideas?()A.Heagreeswiththe

7、m.B.Hedoubtsthem.C.Hearguesagainstthem.D.Hehesitatestoacceptthem.4.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatinordertostayenergetic,sittingworkersneedto.A.havesomegoodfoodB.enjoytheirworkC.exerciseregularlyD.discoverfatiguetoxins语篇解读:科学家们研究发现,单纯的脑力劳动不会使人感到劳累。真正使人感觉疲劳的是一些不良的情感态度。答案及剖析:1.C细节理解题。根据第一段中的Totheamazemen

8、tofthesescientists,theydiscovered.可知,大脑活跃时,流经大脑的血液没有表现出疲劳。故C项正确。2.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知,使脑力劳动者疲劳的主要原因是不良的情感问题,如:厌烦、生气、焦急、紧张、忧虑等,故B项正确。3.A推理判断题。本文主要介绍了科学家的研究成果,作者对此进行了进一步的分析、论证,对情感态度导致人疲劳的观点持肯定态度,并未对此进行质疑,故A项正确。4.B推理判断题。根据最后两段的叙述可知,不良的心理和情感态度是导致脑力劳动者疲劳的主要原因,因而保持好的心理状态才会感觉精力充沛;B项意为“喜欢他们的工作”,符合文意,这就避免了导

9、致疲劳的烦躁、气愤等情感。其余几项都与导致疲劳的因素无关,故排除。【疑难词汇解读】appreciatevt.感激Idappreciateitifyouletmegetonwithmyjob.如能让我继续工作,我会非常感激的。【长难句子分析】,.如果从一个劳动了一天的人身上取一滴血,我们就会发现血中充满了疲惫的因素及产物。阅读理解。阅读下列短文,从给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。(2014山东实验中学一模)GlobalPositioningSystems(全球定位系统)arenowapartofeverydaydrivinginmanycountries.Thesesatelli

10、tebasedsystemsprovideturnbyturndirectionstohelppeoplegettowheretheywanttogo.However，theycanalsocausealotofproblems，sendyoutothewrongplaceorleaveyoucompletelylost.Manytimes，thedriveristoblame.SometimesaGPSerrorisresponsible.Mostoften，saysBarryBrown，itisacombinationofthetwo.BarryBrowniswiththeMobileLi

11、feCentreinStockholm，Sweden.HetoldusaboutanincidentinvolvingafriendwhohadflowntoanairportintheeasternUnitedStates.ThereheborrowedaGPSequippedcartouseduringhisstay.MrBrownsays，“Theyjustpluggedinanaddressandthensetofftotheirdestination.And，thenitwasntuntiltheyweredrivingforthirtyminutesthattheyrealized

12、theyactuallyputinadestinationbackontheWestCoastwheretheylived.Theyactuallyputtheirhomeaddressin.Soagain，theGPSiskindofgarbageingarbageout”MrBrownsaysthisisacommonhumanerror，butwhatmakestheproblemworsehastodowithsomeoftheshortcomings，orfailures，ofGPSequipment.Hesays，“OneproblemwithalotoftheGPSunitsis

13、theyhaveaverysmallscreenandtheyjusttellyouthenextturn.Becausetheyjustgiveyouthenextturn，sometimesthatmeansthatitisnotreallygivingyoutheoverviewthatyouwouldneedtoknowthatitsgoingtothewrongplace.”MrBrownsays，“Oneofthethingsthatstruckus，perhapsthemostimportantthingwasthatyouhavetoknowwhatyouredoingwhen

14、youuseaGPS.Therearethesenewskillsthatpeoplehavedeveloped.Therearethesenewcompetencies(资格)thatyouneedtohavetobeabletouseaGPSbecausetheysometimesgowrong.ThisgoesagainstacommonbeliefthatGPSsystemsareforpassivedriverswholacknavigationalskills.”BarryBrownsaystomakeGPSsystemsbetterweneedabetterunderstandi

15、ngofhowdrivers，passengersandGPSsystemsworktogether.1AccordingtoBarryBrow，inmostcases，_areblamefortheproblems.AhumanerrorsBGPSerrorsCerrorscausedbybothdriversandGPSDerrorscausedbyputtinginawrongaddress2TheexampleofBarryBrownsfriendisusedtoshowthat_.AGPSisnothingbutgarbageBGPSisstillnotaccurateenoughC

16、itisdifficultfordriverstouseGPSequipmentDsometimesdriversareresponsiblefortheproblem3Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat_.AitsimpossibletodrivefromtheeasttothewestintheBBarryBrownsfriendwenttoStockholm，SwedenbyplaneCgivenwronginstructions，theGPSwillproducewrongresultsDGPSsystemsareforpassivedr

17、iverswholacknavigationalskills4WhichofthefollowingsisoneoftheshortcomingsofGPSequipment?AItjusttellsthedrivertoturnonceatatime.BItgivesthedrivertheoverview.CItsscreenistoosmalltobeseenclearly.DItisonlysuitableforpassivedrivers.5Whatsthemainideaofthetext?AGPSsystemsarehelpfulfordrivers.BDrivingwithGP

18、Scanbedifficulttonavigate(导航)CDriversshouldunderstandhowGPSsystemswork.DDriversshouldlearntouseGPSsystemscorrectly.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了开车用GPS导航系统也很难导航。1解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Mostoften，saysBarryBrown，itisacombinationofthetwo.”可知，答案C符合文意。答案：C2解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段倒数第二句“Theyactuallyputtheirhomeaddressin.”可知，

19、这次走错方向是由于人的疏忽导致的，不是GPS系统的原因，故答案D正确。答案：D3解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后两句“Theyactuallypuytheirhomeaddressin.Soagain，theGPSiskindofgarbageingarbageout”和对全段的整体理解可知，答案C“给错误的指令，导航系统就会产生错误的结果”符合文意。答案：C4解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“Hesays，OneproblemwithalotoftheGPSunitsistheyhaveaverysmallscreenandtheyjusttellyouthenextturn.”可

20、知，答案A符合文意。答案：A5解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第三句“However，theycanalsocausealotofproblems，sendyoutothewrongplaceorleaveyoucompletelylost.”的开篇点题和对全文的整体理解可推知，答案B“开车用GPS导航系统有时候也很难导航”最能概括文章大意。答案：B。阅读理解。阅读下列短文,从给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。【2014德州模拟】Someanimalswilldefendtheirterritorybyfightingwiththosewhotrytoinvadeit.Fight

21、ing，however，isnotoftenthebestchoice，sinceitusesupalargeamountofenergy，andcanresultininjuryorevendeath.Mostanimalsrelyonvariousthreats，eitherthroughsoundsorsmells.Thesongsofbirds，thedrummingofwoodpeckersandtheloudcallsofmonkeysareallwarningsthatcarryforlongdistances，advertisingtopossibleinvadersthats

22、omeoneelsesterritoryisbeingapproached.Manyanimalsrelyonsmellstomarktheirterritoriesorleavingdroppingsaroundtheterritories.Otheranimalswillbewarnedofftheterritorywithoutevermeetingwiththeterritorysdefender.Sometimes，thesewarningsmaybeignored，andaninvadermaymoveaccidentallyintoaneighboringterritory，or

23、twoanimalsmaymeetneartheborderoftheirnearbyterritories.Whenthetwoanimalsmeet，theywillgenerallythreateneachotherwithvisual(视觉的)displays.Thesedisplayswilloftenexaggerateananimalssizebyputtingupfeathersorfur，orwillshowofftheanimalsweapons.Theanimalsmaygothroughallthebehavioroffightingwithouteveractuall

24、ytouchingeachother.Thedisplaysaregenerallyperformedbestnearthecenterofananimalsterritory，whereitismorelikelytoattackaninvaderandwhereretreatingbecomesmoreofachoice.Actualfightingusuallyonlyhappensinovercrowdedconditions，whenresourcesarenotenough.Seriousinjurycanresult，andoldorsickanimalsmaydie，leadi

25、ngtoamorebalancedpopulationsize.Undermostnaturalconditions，territorialityisaneffectivewayofmaintainingahealthypopulation.Thestudyofsocialbehaviorssuchasterritorialityinanimalsmayalsohelpustounderstandhumansociety.1Whattopicisthepassagemainlyinvolvedin?AWhatanimalsterritoryisusuallylike.BHowanimalsde

26、alwithdifferentthreats.CHowanimalsdefendtheirterritory.DWhereanimalfightstakeplacefrequently.2Formostanimals，whatstheirfirstresponsetothepossibleinvaderstodefendtheirterritory?AFightingingroups.BThreateningandwarning.CEscapingbeforebeinghurt.DAskingpartnersforhelp.3Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exaggera

27、te”inthesecondparagraphmean?AenlargeBchangeCshakeDshrink4Anactualfightwillhappenwhen_.AanimalsmeetneartheborderoftheirterritoriesBtheinvaderentersthedefendersterritoriesCthedefendernoticestheinvadersmallerthanitselfDthelivingresourcesarelimitedintheterritory5Thelastparagraphtellsusthatterritorialityhasaninfluenceonthe_oftheanimals.AcommunicationBconditionCpopulationDmigration语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就动物如何保护自己的领地进行了介绍。1解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要就“动物如何保护自己的领地”进行了介绍。答案：C2解析：细节理解题。