英语论文引言的写作技巧.docx

1、英语论文引言的写作技巧引言的写作技巧学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。8.1 引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较； 指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问解这些新问题的新方法、新思路

2、，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与义； 说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是

3、引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development2) Reviewing previous research in this area第二层： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question 第三层：Specifying the

4、purpose of your research第四层：1) Announcing your major findings 2) Outlining the contents of your paper 图8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样。而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，

5、这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇关于混合电动汽车的研究论文，大部分篇幅介绍研究背景。例1A Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement I. Forster and J. R. Bumby INTRODUCTION 1 The finite nature of the worlds oil resources and the general concern about automobile em

6、issions have prompted the adoption of energy conservation policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demand from oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear. 2 A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans- port

7、sector by the increased use of electric vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the amount Of energy that can he realistically stored on-board the vehicle without affecting payload. As a consequence of this, electric vehicles must he used in situations where daily usage is well d

8、efined, for example, in urban delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric traction drives have been traditionally applied with a great deal of success. Currently the demand is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic c

9、ompatibility in terms of speed and range. 分析：第一层(第15段)：介绍混合电动汽车的研究背景、意义、目前的发展水平，需要解决的问题等。第1段：指出混合电动汽车的研究背景。世界石油资源的有限性及人们对汽车排放问题的广泛关注使得能源转换问题尤为重要。第2段：使用电动汽车能够从某种程度上实现能源转换。但问题是电动汽车的续驶里程比内燃机车短。所以目前要解决的问题是提高电动汽车的速度和续驶里程。 3 Although urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence o

10、f the road transport sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market requires vehicles that are not limited in range and have a performance compatible with internal combustion, i.e. engine vehicles. The use of advanced traction battery technology to overcome the range limitation of el

11、ectric vehicles is one possible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and may in itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much greater on- board stored energy, the charging time required will be greater than at present. 4 The range limitations of

12、the pure electric vehicle can be overcome by using a hybrid i.c. engine/electric drive which incorporates both an i.c. engine and an electric traction system. Al- though such a vehicle can be designed to meet a number of objectives, it has been argued that a vehicle which seeks to remove the range l

13、imitation of the electric vehicle while substituting a substantial amount of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle most worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle design on the electric drive train, the intention may be to operate in an all-electric mode under urban conditions and

14、 to use the i.c. engine for long-distance motorway driving. The hybrid mode could then he used for extending urban range and/or improving vehicle accelerative performance on accelerator kick-down.5 The concept of a hybrid electric vehicle capable of substituting petroleum fuel is not new, 第3段：市场要求电动

15、汽车的续驶里程及工作性能与内燃机汽车媲美，但是，即使先进电池可以提高电动汽车的续驶里程，但还会有一些问题不能解决。 第4段：续驶里程可以通过使用混合电动汽车来提高。混合电动汽车上既装有内燃机，又装有电动驱动系统，在必要时使用其中一种系统。第5段：回顾并评述前人关于混合电动汽车Bosch and Volkswagen having built vehicles in the 1970s. More recently, the advent of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Prog

16、ramme in the United States of America initiated the design and construction of a Near Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) with the principal aim of substituting petroleum fuel by wall plug electricity. 6 As part of the NTHV programme, a large number of conceptual studies were conducted but on vehicles aimed

17、at the American passenger car market. In this paper optimization studies were conducted, but now on a vehicle suitable for the European medium-sized passenger car market. Such optimization studies are important as, with two sources of traction power available, the way in which they are controlled, a

18、nd their relative sizing, is fundamental to the way the vehicle performs.7 Before examining in detail the optimum control strategy for the drive train, Section 2 defines the hybrid arrangement under study. A description of the optimization process using an appropriate cost function is then presented

19、 in Section 3 followed by a method of translating the resulting control structure into a sub-optimum algorithm capable of being implemented in real time. Using the optimum control structure the effect of component ratings on the vehicles performance is evaluated in Section 4, while Section 5 discuss

20、es the practical implementation of an overall vehicle control algorithm. Finally, in Section 6, an indication of the vehicles potential for substituting petroleum fuel by electricity is given.的研究成果。第二层(第6段第1句话)：指出前人研究的范围具有局限性。关于混合电动汽车的研究只针对美国市场。针对欧洲市场的研究还是空白。第三层(In this paper)本文的研究目的及意义：对欧洲中型客车市场进行优

21、化研究。第四层为第7段：本文的组成部分及各部分的主要内容。比较简短的论文，引言也可以相对比较简短。为了缩短篇幅，可以用一两句话简单介绍一下某研究领域的重要性、意义或需要解决的问题等。接着对文献进行回顾。然后介绍自己的研究动机、目的和主要内容。至于研究方法、研究结果及论文的组成部分则可以完全省略，如图82所示。第一层: Introducing the importance of the research area and reviewing previous Research第二层: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previ

22、ous research, raising a relevant question .第三层: Specifying the purpose of your research.图8.2 引言的结构布局模式之二例2Forest Decline and Tree Mortality in a Southeastern Ohio Oak(橡树) -Hickory( 山核桃树) ForestGRETCHEN M. WALTERS AND BRIAN C. MCCARTRY INTRODUCTION1 Forest decline results from a reduction in growth a

23、nd vigor and may be accompanied by widespread mortality of trees over a relatively large geographic area. There has been a considerable increase in the reporting of forest decline throughout the hardwood forest of eastern North America and thus possible cause for concern. The source of decline is of

24、ten much more difficult to pinpoint and is frequently the result of multiple stresses including ozone, atmospheric pollution, climatic extremes, and pests.分析：第一层(第13段)：提出森林资源减少和树木死亡这一值得关注的问题，以及有关这一问题的研究状况。第1段：共三句话，提出问题并简单介绍造成这一问题的几种因素。 2 The condition of eastern hardwood species and ecosystems of th

25、e United States has been summarized by Weiss and Rizzo (1987) and Millers et al. (1989). One of the more prominent examples of large scale species decline in northeastern North America is the sugar maple (糖槭树). Observed patterns of decline stimulated the creation of the North American Sugar Maple De

26、cline Project, a joint endeavor between the United States and Canada, to monitor the changing conditions in sugar maples (Hertel and MeKinney- McNeal 1991 ). Concurrently, the Forest Response Program was created to examine the effects of and ozone on forest health and productivity. Since then, numer

27、ous studies have been completed and many regions are establishing long-term forest health surveys to better monitor changes occurring in the eastern forest (Loncks 1992). 3Througout the eastern United States, large scale compositional changes have been observed in forests dominated by oak and hickor

28、y (Christensen 1977, Lorimer 1984, McCarthy et al. 1987, Pallardy et al. 1988). Many of these changes are believed to be successional in nature and appear to be linked to regeneration problems (Lorimer 1993). Failure of the oaks to regenerate has been tied to a variety of factors including competiti

29、on (e. g., shade intolerance), altered disturbance regimes (e.g., fire), wildlife populations (e.g., insects, deer), and a variety of influences over the past century ( Lorimer 1993). Certainly, increased stress or decline in the oaks would adversely affect tree reproduction (Marion 1991). 第2段：回顾并评述

30、该领域的研究与发展过程。以糖槭树作为例子，说明树种的减少所引起的关注以及对该问题的研究项目等。第3段：关于美国东部地区森林结构的观察研究状况。以橡树和山核桃树为主的森林在结构上发生了变化。原因是多种多样的。橡树与山核桃树的减少会对树木的再生长造成不良影响。4 In Ohio, there have been few specific reports in the literature of oak and hickory decline (Millers et al. 1989). Regionally, oak mortality has been linked to a variety of causes including drought, insects, and diseases. Hickory mortality has usually been associated with insect outbreaks (e.g., hickory