ACCA词典.docx

1、ACCA词典Auditing Dictionary of TermsThe words defined in this dictionary all appeared in questions on the CPA exam, so they are worth knowing if you are studying for the exam. 本字典中定义的单词均出现在注册会计师（美国）的考试之中，如果您正在参与此项考试，那么您值得一读。acceptance sampling/验收抽样 is sampling to determine whether internal control com

2、pliance is greater than or less than the tolerable deviation rate.accounting and review services/会计及复核服务 are official pronouncements covering compilation and review engagements. Compilation is presenting in the form of financial statements information that is the representation of management (owners

3、) without expressing assurance. Review is inquiry and analytical procedures to provide the accountant a basis for expressing limited assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the statements for them to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principle

4、s or, if applicable, another comprehensive basis of accounting.accounting data includes journals, ledgers and other records such as spreadsheets that support financial statements. It may be in computer readable form or on paper.accounting estimate An approximation of a financial statement element. A

5、ccounting estimates are often included in historical financial statements because measurement of some amounts is uncertain pending outcome of future events and relevant data about events that have occurred cannot be accumulated on a timely, cost-effective basis.accounting principles are alternative

6、ways of reporting and disclosing information in financial statements and related footnotes.accounts receivable Debts due from customers from sales of products and services. Normally a current asset.adjusting entries are accounting entries made at the end of an accounting period to allocate items bet

7、ween accounting periods.adverse An audit opinion that the financial statements as a whole are not presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.advisory services are a consulting service in which the CPA develops the findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented for client consideration and decision

8、 making. This differs from attestation services where the CPA expresses a conclusion about reliability of a written assertion that is the responsibility of another.aggregate (aggregated) Constituting the whole. Aggregate expenses include expenses of all divisions combined for the entire year.agreed-

9、upon procedures An engagement where the client specifies procedures and the accountant agrees to perform those procedures. An accountant may accept an engagement limited to applying agreed-upon procedures to financial statement elements, where the scope of the engagement is not sufficient to express

10、 an opinion on the elements, if the users assume responsibility for sufficiency of the procedures, and use of the report is restricted to specified users. aicpa American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The professional organization of CPAs in the U.S. It is a private organization of CPAs,

11、 not an arm of the government. Each state issues CPA certificates, not the AICPA. Since each state makes its own laws, each state could prepare and grade their own CPA examination. However, each state uses the uniform CPA exam prepared and graded by the AICPA.allocation Distribution according to a p

12、lan. Depreciation, amortization, and depletion are methods to allocate a cost to periods benefited. allowance for doubtful accounts A contra asset account with a credit balance used to reduce the carrying amount of accounts receivable to net realizable value. The allowance balance is the estimated t

13、otal of uncollectible accounts included in accounts receivable. allowance for sampling risk The difference between a sample estimate and the projected population characteristic at a specified sampling risk. This allowance is also the difference between the expected error rate and the tolerable devia

14、tion rate.analytical procedure A comparison of financial statement amounts with the auditors expectation. An example is the comparison of actual interest expense for the year (a financial statement amount) with an estimate of what that interest expense should be. The estimate can be found by multipl

15、ying a reasonable interest rate times the average balance of interest bearing debt outstanding during the year (the auditors expectation). If actual interest expense differs significantly from the expectation the auditor explains the difference in the working papers.analyze Identify and classify ite

16、ms for further study.anticipated Expected.application control Programmed procedure in application software designed to ensure completeness and accuracy of information. approve To authorize. A manager authorizes a transaction by signing a voucher providing approval for the disbursement.ascertain An a

17、udit procedure to determine or to discover with certainty. For example, to ascertain the date on which an investment was purchased by examining source documents.assertion Management asserts financial statements are correct with regard to existence or occurrence of assets, liabilities or transactions

18、, completeness of information in the financial statements, rights and obligations at a point in time, appropriate valuation or allocation, presentation, and disclosure.assess To determine the value, significance, or extent of.assessed Determined. The level of control risk determined by the auditor,

19、based on tests of controls, is the assessed level of control risk.assurance The level of confidence one has in a proposition.attest (attestation) report An attest engagement is one in which a practitioner is engaged to issue a written conclusion about the reliability of a written assertion that is t

20、he responsibility of another party. A financial statement audit is one type of attestation.attorneys letter is signed by the clients lawyer and addressed to the auditor. It is the auditors primary means to corroborate information furnished by management about litigation, claims, and assessments.attr

21、ibute sampling The characteristic tested is a property that has only two possible values (an error exists or it does not).audit adjustment, whether or not recorded by the entity, is a proposed correction of the financial statements that may not have been detected except through audit procedures.audi

22、t committee A committee of the board of directors responsible for oversight of the financial reporting process, selection of the independent auditor, and receipt of audit results.audit objective In obtaining evidence in support of financial statement assertions, the auditor develops specific audit o

23、bjectives in the light of those assertions. For example, an audit objective related to the completeness assertion an auditor might develop for inventory balances is that inventory quantities include all products, materials, and supplies on hand.audit planning is developing an overall strategy for th

24、e conduct and scope of the audit. The nature, extent, and timing of planning varies with the size and complexity of the entity, experience with the entity, and knowledge of the entitys business.audit risk A combination of the risk that material errors will occur in the accounting process and the ris

25、k the errors will not be discovered by audit tests. Audit risk includes uncertainties due to sampling (sampling risk) and to other factors (nonsampling risk).auditing standards board Statements on Auditing Standards are issued by the auditing standards board, the senior technical body of the AICPA d

26、esignated to issue auditing pronouncements.authorize (authorization) To give permission for. A manager authorizes a transaction by signing a voucher providing authorization for the disbursement.backup A copy of a computer program or file stored separately from the original.batch A set of computer da

27、ta or jobs to be processed in a single program run.benfords law is a mathematical law that applies to any population of numbers derived from other numbers (such as the dollar amount of a sale, found by multiplying the quantity sold times the unit price). It holds that 30% of the time the first non-z

28、ero digit of this derived number will be one, and it will be a nine only 4.6% of the time. Benfords law is used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers. bill of lading A document issued by a carrier to a shipper, listing and acknowledging receipt of goods for transport and specifyi

29、ng terms of delivery.blind trust A financial arrangement in which a person avoids possible conflict of interest by transferring financial affairs to a fiduciary who has sole asset management discretion. The person establishing the trust also gives up the right to information regarding the assets.can

30、cel supporting documents To mark supporting documents as having been used to support a transaction so the same documents cant be used as support for a second transaction. An example is stamping vouchers paid and marking them with the check number. capitalized Recorded as an asset. A capitalized leas

31、e is in substance a purchase to the lessee. An asset is recorded equal to the present value of the lease payments, which is also recorded as a liability. Payments, partly interest and partly principal, are made on the lease liability. The lease asset is depreciated by the lessee as though it were le

32、gally owned by the lessee. caveat A warning or caution.check digit A redundant digit added to a code to check accuracy of other characters in the code.check register A listing of checks issued, normally in numeric sequence and in order by date issued.classification Arrangement or grouping. Assets and liabilities are normally classified as current or noncurrent.collateralize To pledge property as security (collateral) for a debt.collusion A secret agreement between two or more parties for fraud or fort letter A letter written by the auditor to an underwriter of securities