gmat语法机经.docx

1、gmat语法机经So that， such考的比较多；常见的such that没考，考了so as to do 记得有一个考either or的。1、同位语：【PREP知识点】同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来，同位语的修饰对象：名词或名词短语或代词1）、同位结构的特征(1) 起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；“解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词”，故同位语不是核心词修饰。(2) 必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；(3) 位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；(4) 不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；(5) 同位结构中名词

2、的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。2)、同位结构的形式(1) 名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）i. N., n.; ii. n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.; iii. the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构）(2) 内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that 从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)(3) 概括性同位语：用一个概

3、括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，n. +that/doing/done.(4) 名词重复性同位结构：n,n（重复所修饰的名词）+that 定语从句(5) 代词代替性同位结构：n,one/ones+that 定语从句3)、同位语从句 A. 有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称作同位语从句。 He referred to Copernicuss statement that the earth moves round the sun. B.有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。 （其实是同位语从句太长后置）The rumour spread that a new sc

4、hool would be built here. C.在少数情况下也可用连接副词（代词）引起的从句作同位语。 He had no idea why she left. 4)、关于同位语用法中的the和逗号（如B选项中的TM, the jazz pianist and composer） -摘自Manhattan： if you preface someones name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word describingwhat that person does), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE,OR W

5、ITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE THE,you DO NOT use a comma. 如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号（本题的情况）。example:Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk .- correct注意：(1) if you are using THE (description) (name) to introduce someone for the first time, then you DONT use a comma.但有要注意：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，如果是第一次提到某人

6、，是不必用逗号的 example:The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.- here we are introducing hemingway, so we dont use a comma.(2) if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.examp

7、le：Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature.- weve already introduced the author; this time we use a comma to single him out. if theres anindefinitearticle(a/an), you DO use a comma. 如果前面有不定冠词，就要用逗号。exampleA jazz p

8、ianist and composer, Thelonious Monk .- correctif its an adjective, you DO use a comma. 如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，那就要用逗号。example:Creative and original, Thelonious Monk .- correct5)、关于类似twice as many/much as的结构：appositive modifier （同位语修饰词） 不仅仅名词，有些形容词也是可以作为appositive modifier的，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯于修饰最近的词语（但

9、是不绝对）。这样的形容词有different from，（double/twice）as many as等。6)、同位语与独立主格最主要的区别在于：同位语描述的事物的具体内容、特征，是一种解释；独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态，描述与所描述分句同步发生的事情。【新PREP1例题】172. Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century

10、a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.186. Laos has a land area comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whom are members of hill tribes ensconced

11、 in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.201. (GWD30-Q4) The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received the unqualified support of labor.204. (T-9-Q16) The nineteenth-century ch

12、emist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovere

13、d a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.228. (GWD-8-Q2) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stoo

14、d apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.244. (GWD-10-Q39) A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the worlds largest telephone company, into two local phone companies and one long-distance provider.253. (GWD 4-Q13) A leading figur

15、e in the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marxs Das Kapital is to socialism.【新PREP2例题】174. (GWD-30-Q30) An exceptionally literate people, Icelanders publish more books per capita than do the people of any other nation.184. (GWD-10-Q41) I

16、n 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Popes contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.186. (GWD-6-Q41) The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arriva

17、l of Christopher Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.197. (GWD-1-Q16) Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than in any previous e

18、lection.207. (GWD-24-34) The study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled scientists to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop.208. (GWD-24-17) The yield of natural gas from Norways Troll gas field is expected to increase annually unt

19、il the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least 50 years production.221. (GWD-7-Q2) The first commercially successful drama to depict Black family life sympathetically and the first play by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway,

20、Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award in 1959 and was later made into both a film and a musical.227. (GWD-7-Q3) The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assign

21、ed for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room. 231. (T-4-Q3) Currently 26 billion barrels a year, world consumption of oil is rising at a rate of 2 percent annually.2、平行：【PREP知识点】1）as much as平行结构固定搭配2）ten times as much + subject + verb. +prep. Phase + as + (subject + ver

22、b.) + prep.phase 固定比较结构3）N1、N2 and N3并列，and N3前面的逗号作为强调4）not onlybut also 重新摘录一下前面提到过的用法： 首先Not only.but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略.But/but also表示的是转折. not only .but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only.but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的。 I 在正常语序中: not only but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。 在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份

23、，比如变成：not only.but it also.是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。 II not only but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。 III not only but also 不能用在否定句中。 IV not only but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。 5）and前后平行6）bothand平行结构，正确搭配是both X and Y 或both in X and in Y7）whereas/while的平行比较I whereas = while（while前后句子之

24、结构要求并列相对） II whereas连接的平行比较只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系，不要求对称位置必须是对称名词，下面句子中主从句的主语分别是energy和nuclear power并不是对称名词，但是对比的核心都是“核能发电占总产出能量的份额”： 如OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germ

25、any. *但是如果whereas后面接介词短语，那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称)，如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾（或主系表），主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾（或主系表）来对应，除非同下面GWD 18-2一样后半句主谓即已经可完全表达出“对称”的含义（each language occupies a distinct area of the brain是主谓宾齐全；language areas overlap是主谓，没有宾语。但两个分句依然算是平行，因为逻辑已经平行。）： prep1-29 Pine trees thrive in relat

26、ively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.prep1-54 In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies. prep2-102 Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50

27、to 300 square miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600. prep1-194. Whereas the honeybees stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jackets stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used again. 大全933. Whereas owne

28、rs of condominium apartments have free and clear title to their dwellings, owners of cooperative apartments have shares in a corporation that owns a building and leases apartments to them. GWD18-2 According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area of the brain i

29、n which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner, language areas overlap in a young child. III 标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speic

30、es错),句子或介短。（后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等）。 IV like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间尽量不能插入任何成分（比如有一个题目是:Unlike A, in 1990 B.就算A，B可比，但这样就是不佳的表达，因为这会让读者花费脑细胞去找unlike和哪个在比。最好的句子一定是排版最严谨、最遵循规则的句子，一定是读起来最省力的句子），但是非限制性定语从句这一类非常明确是紧跟着前面的名词的修饰成分是可以的。8）just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同AB *这里的as是不能用like,wh

31、ereas的。而且likeso不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so *just as with和just like都是很wordy的 *下面五种形式都对（just as， as/so结构中，as/so可省略。后三种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。 Just as A do, B do. A do, just as B do. Just as , so Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称 Just as , as Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称 Just as ,

32、so too 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap *so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15) *as with的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如的情况一样”， 看作是as is the same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句)： I As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of