The aim of this paper is to analyse how a group of Spanish public research organisations affected by.docx

1、The aim of this paper is to analyse how a group of Spanish public research organisations affected byThe overall effects of NCMS on private coverage were modest. NCMS had a positive effect on adult private coverage. NCMS crowded out child private coverage in lower income groups. Risk preferences and

2、SES are important predictors of private insurance take-up. No evidence for adverse selection in the demand for private health insurance.236Public Health Significance of NeuroticismOriginal Research ArticleAmerican Psychologist, Volume 64, Issue 4, May-June 2009, Pages 241-256Benjamin B. LaheyClose p

3、review| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | ReferencesReferences The personality trait of neuroticism refers to relatively stable tendencies to respond with negative emotions to threat, frustration, or loss. Individuals in the population vary markedly on this trait, r

4、anging from frequent and intense emotional reactions to minor challenges to little emotional reaction even in the face of significant difficulties. Although not widely appreciated, there is growing evidence that neuroticism is a psychological trait of profound public health significance. Neuroticism

5、 is a robust correlate and predictor of many different mental and physical disorders, comorbidity among them, and the frequency of mental and general health service use. Indeed, neuroticism apparently is a predictor of the quality and longevity of our lives. Achieving a full understanding of the nat

6、ure and origins of neuroticism, and the mechanisms through which neuroticism is linked to mental and physical disorders, should be a top priority for research. Knowing why neuroticism predicts such a wide variety of seemingly diverse outcomes should lead to improved understanding of commonalities am

7、ong those outcomes and improved strategies for preventing them.Purchase$ 30.00237Intelligent transportation systemsEnabling technologiesOriginal Research ArticleMathematical and Computer Modelling, Volume 22, Issues 4-7, August-October 1995, Pages 11-81A. Garca-Ortiz, S. M. Amin, J. R. WoottonClose

8、preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | ReferencesReferences AbstractIntelligent transportation programs take many different names throughout the world; in the United States it is ITS, in Europe it is Prometheus, and in Japan it is AMTICS and RACS. All of them sh

9、are very similar objectives, i.e., the development of advanced Traffic Management Systems, Traveler Information Systems, Vehicle Control Systems, Commercial Vehicle Operations, Public Transportation Systems, and Rural Transportation Systems. Several key technologies stand to serve the synthesis of e

10、ach and every one of these objectives. These technologies are: Digital Maps, Computers, Path Planning, Human Factors, Sensors, Communications, Vehicle Control, and Traffic Control. This paper discusses each one of these subjects in enough detail to provide the reader with an introduction to both the

11、 technology and its state-of-the-art. In addition, the paper discusses socio-politico-economic issues associated with the implementation of the various programs. We believe that this highly neglected subject will serve to temper the development and deployment of these programs.Article Outline Refere

12、ncesPurchase$ 41.95238Methods of in vitro toxicologyReview ArticleFood and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 40, Issues 2-3, February-March 2002, Pages 193-236G Eisenbrand, B Pool-Zobel, V Baker, M Balls, B.J Blaauboer, A Boobis, A Carere, S Kevekordes, J.-C Lhuguenot, R Pieters, J KleinerClose preview| R

13、elated articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractIn vitro methods are common and widely used for screening and ranking chemicals, and have also been taken into account sporadically for risk assessment purposes in the case

14、of food additives. However, the range of food-associated compounds amenable to in vitro toxicology is considered much broader, comprising not only natural ingredients, including those from food preparation, but also compounds formed endogenously after exposure, permissible/authorised chemicals inclu

15、ding additives, residues, supplements, chemicals from processing and packaging and contaminants. A major promise of in vitro systems is to obtain mechanism-derived information that is considered pivotal for adequate risk assessment. This paper critically reviews the entire process of risk assessment

16、 by in vitro toxicology, encompassing ongoing and future developments, with major emphasis on cytotoxicity, cellular responses, toxicokinetics, modelling, metabolism, cancer-related endpoints, developmental toxicity, prediction of allergenicity, and finally, development and application of biomarkers

17、. It describes in depth the use of in vitro methods in strategies for characterising and predicting hazards to the human. Major weaknesses and strengths of these assay systems are addressed, together with some key issues concerning major research priorities to improve hazard identification and chara

18、cterisation of food-associated chemicals.Article Outline1. Introduction2. In vitro assessment of general toxicity 2.1. Cytotoxicity 2.1.1. Introduction2.1.2. State of the art 2.1.2.1. The use of cytotoxicity data as a predictor of acute systemic toxicity2.1.2.2. Relevant endpoints2.1.3. New developm

19、ents and research gaps2.2. Cellular responses 2.2.1. Genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics 2.2.1.1. Introduction2.2.1.2. State of the art the technologies of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and bioinformatics 2.2.1.2.1. Genomics and transcriptomics2.2.1.2.2. DNA/oligonucleotide microarrays2

20、.2.1.2.3. Proteomics2.2.1.2.4. Bioinformatics2.2.1.3. Applications of transcriptomics and proteomics to hazard identification 2.2.1.3.1. Transcriptomics applied to toxicological hazard identification2.2.1.3.2. Proteomics applied to toxicological hazard identification2.2.1.3.3. Transcriptomics and pr

21、oteomics a combined approach2.2.1.4. Challenges and research gaps 2.2.1.4.1. Microarray technology and experimental procedures2.2.1.4.2. Proteomic technology2.2.1.4.3. Data handling and interpretation bioinformatics2.2.1.4.4. Building reference datasets and correlation with classic endpoints of toxi

22、city2.2.1.5. Conclusions and future priorities2.2.2. Functional responses 2.2.2.1. Introduction2.2.2.2. State of the art cellular responses as early markers of toxicity 2.2.2.2.1. Genotoxicity (see section 3.1.2, Genotoxicity)2.2.2.2.2. Oxidative stress and glutathione homeostasis2.2.2.2.3. Calcium

23、regulation and the endoplasmic reticulum2.2.2.2.4. Heat shock proteins2.2.2.2.5. Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs)2.2.2.2.6. Metallothioneins2.2.2.2.7. Adaptive responses2.2.2.3. Conclusions and future priorities2.2.3. Perspectives for using in vitro methods to evaluate chronic toxicity of co

24、mpounds2.3. Toxicokinetic modelling and metabolism 2.3.1. Extrapolation of kinetic behaviour from the in vitro to the in vivo situation2.3.2. Obtaining compound-specific parameters for PB-TK modelling from in vitro studies or other non-animal models 2.3.2.1. Absorption 2.3.2.1.1. Tissueblood partiti

25、oning2.3.2.2. Metabolism3. The use of in vitro methods in strategies for characterising and predicting hazards to the human 3.1. Parallelogram approach3.2. Integrated test strategy 3.2.1. Anticipated exposure levels3.2.2. Existing toxicological knowledge3.2.3. Application of data on physicochemical

26、properties3.2.4. Toxicokinetics3.2.5. Basal cytotoxicity3.2.6. Specific toxicity3.2.7. Specific requirements4. Endpoints of in vitro toxicology systems 4.1. Cancer-related endpoints 4.1.1. Introduction4.1.2. Genotoxicity 4.1.2.1. Introduction4.1.2.2. State of the art4.1.2.3. Testing strategy4.1.2.4.

27、 Test methods4.1.2.5. Novel developments4.1.3. Non-genotoxic cancer endpoints 4.1.3.1. State of the art 4.1.3.1.1. Persistent cytotoxicity accompanied by proliferative regeneration.4.1.3.1.2. Chronic inflammation4.1.3.1.3. Hormones4.1.3.1.4. Ligands for xenobiotic induction receptors4.1.3.1.5. DNA m

28、ethylation4.1.3.2. Limitations4.1.3.3. Novel developments 4.1.3.3.1. Development of in vitro systems to detect compounds acting by the major mechanisms involved in non-genotoxic carcinogenesis4.1.3.4. Conclusion4.2. Developmental toxicity 4.2.1. Introduction4.2.2. Cell lines and embryonic stem cells

29、4.2.3. Aggregate and micromass cultures4.2.4. Embryos of lower order species4.2.5. Avian and mammalian whole embryo culture4.2.6. Validation4.2.7. Future developments4.3. Prediction of allergenicity 4.3.1. Introduction 4.3.1.1. Basics of T cell sensitisation4.3.2. State of the art 4.3.2.1. Applicabi

30、lity and limitations of in vitro testing4.3.2.2. Detection of sensitising potential of HMWC in the food4.3.3. Future prospects for the premarket hazard identification5. In vitro approaches for development of biomarkers 5.1. Introduction5.2. State of the art and potential role of in vitro tests 5.2.1

31、. Definition and role5.3. Types of biomarkers 5.3.1. Biomarkers of exposure 5.3.1.1. Challenge assays to assess impacts of body fluids in model cell cultures5.3.2. Biomarkers of effect 5.3.2.1. Human tissues as targets for biomarkers and to identify new parameters of effect5.3.3. Susceptibility biomarkers 5.3.3.1. Studying the impact of hazardous chemicals on the basis of susceptibility factors5.4. Conclusion6. General summary and conclusions 6.1. Weaknesses6.2. Strengths6.3. Key features of in vitro systems6.4. Priority research needsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50239