生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译.docx

1、生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译 1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1 A History of Biomedical Engineering In its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic

2、 tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene La

3、ennec from placing his ear next to a young womans bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to todays ubiquitous stethoscope. 广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。研究人员说,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢义肢。埃及人

4、也用空心的芦苇外观和听人类解剖学的内部行为。1816年,谦虚阻止法国医生雷奈克把他的耳朵旁边一个年轻女人的裸胸,所以他卷起报纸和听它,引发他的发明的想法,导致今天无处不在的听诊器。 No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform sho

5、es, wooden teeth, and the ever-changing cache of instruments in a doctors black bag, to more modern marvels, including pacemakers, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics. The Nation

6、al Academy of Engineering estimates that there are currently about 32,000 bioengineers working in various areas of health technology. 无论什么日期,生物医学工程提供了先进的医疗技术来改善人类健康。生物医学工程成就范围从早期设备,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齿,和不断变化的缓存工具在医生的黑包,更现代的奇迹,包括心脏起搏器、人工心肺机,透析机器,诊断设备,各种成像技术,和人造器官,移植和先进的假肢。美国国家工程学院的估计,目前大约有32000生物各领域工作的卫生技术。

7、 As an academic endeavor, the roots of biomedical engineering reach back to early developments in electrophysiology, which originated about 200 years ago. An early landmark in electrophysiology occurred in 1848 when DuBois Reymond published the widely recognized Ueber die tierische Elektrizitaet. Ra

8、ymonds contemporary, Hermann von Helmholtz, is credited with applying engineering principles to a problem in physiology and dentifying the resistance of muscle and nervous tissues to direct current. 作为一个学术努力,生物医学工程的根源及早期电生理学的发展,起源于约200年前。电生理学的早期具有里程碑意义的发生在1848年当杜布瓦Reymond发表了公认Ueber死tierische Elektri

9、zitaet。赫尔曼冯雷蒙德当代亥姆霍兹因应用工程原则问题在生理学和dentifying电阻直流的肌肉和神经组织。 In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathode-ray tube could make a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were in separate rooms. Roentgen decided the tube must be emitting

10、some kind of penetrating rays, which he called “X” rays for unknown. This set off a flurry of research into the tissue-penetrating and tissue-destroying properties of X-rays, a line of research that ultimately produced the modern array of medical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the nee

11、d for exploratory surgery. 1895年,威廉伦琴偶然发现,阴极射线管可以与氰亚铂酸盐钡一张纸涂布发光,即使管和纸是在单独的房间。伦琴决定管必须发出某种穿透光线,他称为“X”光线不明。这引发了一系列tissue-penetrating和专治属性的研究x射线,一系列的研究,最终得出了现代医学影像技术和几乎消除了探索性手术的必要性。 Biomedical engineerings unique mix of engineering, medicine and science emerged 2 alongside biophysics and medical physics

12、 early this century. At the outset, the three were virtually indistinguishable and none had formal training programs. 生物医学工程的独特工程、医学和科学出现2与生物物理学和医学物理学在本世纪初。开始的时候,三人几乎无法区分,没有正式的培训计划。 Between World War I and World War II a number of laboratories undertook research in biophysics and biomedical engineer

13、ing. Only one offered formal training: the Oswalt Institute for Physics in Medicine, established in 1921 in Frankfurt, Germany, forerunner of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics. 在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战的实验室进行了生物物理学和生物医学工程的研究。只有一个提供正式的培训:Oswalt物理医学研究所,成立于1921年在法兰克福,德国马克斯普朗克生物物理学的先驱。 The Institutes found

14、er, Friedrich Dessauer, pioneered research into the biological effects of ionizing radiation. The Oswalt Institute and the University in Frankfurt soon established formal ties that led to a . program in biophysics by 1940. Research topics included the effects of X-rays on tissues and the electrical

15、properties of tissues. The staff of 20 included university lecturers, research fellows, assistants and technicians. 研究所的创始人,弗里德里希德绍,率先研究电离辐射的生物效应。Oswalt研究所和大学在法兰克福很快建立了正式的关系,在1940年导致了生物物理学博士学位项目。研究主题包括x射线的影响在组织和组织的电特性。员工20包括大学教师、研究员、助理和技术人员。 Following the Second World War, administrative committees

16、began forming around the combined areas of engineering, medicine and biology. A biophysical society was formed in Germany in 1943. Five years later, the first conference of engineering in medicine and biology convened in the United States, under the auspices of the Institute of Radio Engineers (fore

17、runner of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), the American Institute for Electrical Engineering, and the Instrument Society of America. It was a small meeting. About 20 papers were delivered to an audience of fewer than 100. The first 10 annual conferences paid most of their atte

18、ntion to ionizing radiation and its implications. As conference topics broadened, so did attendance. The topic of the 1958 conference, Computers in Medicine and Biology, drew 70 papers and more than 300 attendees. By 1961, conference attendance swelled to nearly 3,000. 第二次世界大战之后,行政委员会开始在工程领域相结合,形成医学

19、和生物学。生物物理协会于1943年在德国成立。五年后,工程在医学和生物学的第一次会议召开,在美国的支持下的无线电工程师学会(电气和电子工程师协会的前身),美国电子工程研究所和美国社会工具。这是一个小型的会议。大约20个文件是少于100的传递给观众。前10年会大部分关注电离辐射及其影响。作为会议主题扩大,出席。1958会议的主题、计算机在医学和生物学,吸引了70篇论文和70多名与会者。参加会议,到1961年增加到近3000人。 The 1951 IRE convention generated enough interest in medical electronics that the IRE

20、 formed a Professional Group on Medical Electronics. An early action of this group was to collaborate on the Annual Conference on Electronic Instrumentation and Nucleonics in Medicine, which the AIEE1 began about 1948. In 1954, the AIEE, the IRE and the ISA formed the Joint Executive Committee on Me

21、dicine and Biology, which began organizing the annual conferences. 1951愤怒的约定产生足够的兴趣,医疗电子产品的愤怒形成一个专业小组医疗电子产品。本集团的早期行动是合作的年度会议上电子仪器和原子核物理学在医学、AIEE1大约始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,愤怒和ISA形成联合执行委员会医学和生物学,开始组织的年度会议。 In 1963, the AIEE and the IRE merged to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

22、 Contributing forces for the merger were the members of the AIEE and IRE technical committees for biomedical engineering. Most members favored it and had been collaborating with their counterparts in the other society for years. 1963年,AIEE和愤怒合并形成了电气与电子工程学院。贡献力量的合并是成员AIEE和愤怒为生物医学工程技术委员会。大多数成员支持,在其他社会

23、和同行合作多年。 At the merger it was decided to carry over to the IRE system of Professional Groups. The IRE Professional Group on Medical Electronics became the IEEE Professional Group on 3 Bio-Medical Engineering (PGBME), the name change reflecting the fact that many members, particularly former AIEE mem

24、bers, were concerned with non-electronic topics. Also in the early 1960s the NIH2 took three significant steps to support biomedical engineering. First, it created a program-project committee under the General Medical Sciences Institute to evaluate program-project applications, many of which served

25、biophysics and biomedical engineering. Then it set up a biomedical engineering training study section to evaluate training-grant applications, and it established two biophysics study sections. A special “floating” study section processed applications in bioacoustics and biomedical engineering. Many

26、applications did not make it to the biomedical engineering study section and ended up in radiology, physiology or other panels. The diversity of work in biomedical engineering and the diversity of background of the people contributing to this field made it difficult for a single organization to repr

27、esent everyone3. In the 1960s there were efforts by some leaders of the PGBME, which became the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, to achieve greater autonomy within the IEEE in order to accommodate a more diverse membership. Because there were quite a few professional groups, several

28、 umbrella organizations were established to facilitate cooperation. In the late 1960s the Alliance for Engineering in Medicine and Biology was formed. In 1968, the Biomedical Engineering Society was formed to give equal status to representatives of both biomedical and engineering interests and promo

29、te the increase of biomedical engineering knowledge and its utilization. Initially, the membership of the society consisted of 171 founding members and 89 charter members. Membership now numbers nearly 1,200 professional biomedical engineers, with another 1,600 student members. 在合并决定继续愤怒系统的专业团体。医疗电子

30、产品成为了IEEE愤怒专业小组3生物医学工程专业小组(PGBME),许多成员名称更改反映了事实,尤其是前AIEE成员关心非电子的话题。也在1960年代初美国国立卫生研究院2花了三个重要的步骤来支持生物医学工程。首先,它创建了一个项目委员会一般医学科学研究所评估项目应用程序,其中很多生物物理学和生物医学工程。然后建立了一个生物医学工程训练研究部分,评估培训应用,和它建立了两个生物物理学研究部分。一个特殊的“漂浮”在生物声学研究部分加工应用和生物医学工程。许多应用程序没有生物医学工程研究部分,最终在放射学,生理学或其他面板。在生物医学工程工作的多样性和背景的多样性导致这一领域使一个组织难以代表每个

31、人3。在1960年代有PGBME的一些领导人,努力成为IEEE工程在医学和生物学的社会,为了实现更大的自治权在IEEE为了适应更多元化的会员。因为有不少专业团体,建立了几个伞组织促进合作。在1960年代后期工程在医学和生物学联盟成立。1968年,生物医学工程学会成立给“地位平等的代表生物医学和工程利益和促进生物医学工程知识的增加,其利用率”。最初,社会的成员包括171创始成员和89宪章的成员。现在会员数量近1200专业生物医学工程师,1600年与另一个学生成员。 The society awarded the Alza Distinguished Lectureship from 1971 t

32、o 1993 to encourage the theory and practice of biomedical engineering. The BMES Distinguished Lectureship Award was founded in 1991 to recognize outstanding achievements in biomedical engineering. Other honors include a young investigator award, the BMES Distinguished Service Award, and the Presiden

33、tial Award, established in 1999 to enable BMES presidents to recognize extraordinary leadership within the society. In addition to the professional societies, the field of biomedical engineering received a large ally when The Whitaker Foundation was created in 1975, upon the death of . Whitaker. As an engine