经济学原理课后习题+答案.docx

1、经济学原理课后习题+答案在短期中，低通货膨胀通常是以高失业率为代价的，这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用的货币量减少,但商品价格在短期内具有粘性仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量缺乏又会引起企业开工缺乏，导致失业。失业率高，通胀率低;失业率低，通胀率高。通货膨胀和失业之间是此消彼长、相互交替的关系。1.描述以下每种情形中当事人面对的权衡：a.某个家庭决定是否购置一辆新车；a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might want to buy. b.国

2、会成员决定对国家公园拨多少款 the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts.不增加拨款可少征税c.公司总裁决定是否建个新工厂；the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits pared to other alternatives. upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories increase profit the most d.

3、某个教授决定用多少时间备课 between the value of improving the qualityof the lecture pared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.e.刚毕业的大学生决定是否读研究生2.你正决定是否去度假。度假的大局部本钱机票、住宿费和放弃的工资是用货币衡量的，但度假的收益是心理上的。你如何比拟度假的收益和本钱？two ways：1.pare the vacation with what you would do in it

4、s place。decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. 2. think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation3.你正打算周六去做兼职，但你朋友让你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实本钱是什么？现在假设你本来打算周六在图书馆学习。在这种情形下，去滑雪的本钱是什么？请解释。its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wage

5、s you are giving up by not working. 4.你在篮球比赛博彩中赢了 100 元。对于这笔钱你有两个选择，你可以现在就花掉或者存入银行，银行利率为 5%，你现在就将这笔钱花掉的时机本钱是多大？you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now.5.你管理的公司已经投资 500 万元开发某个新产品，但研发尚未完毕。在最近一次会议上，销售人员向你报告说由于竞争产品上市，该产品的期望销售额下降为 300 万元。如果你还需要再投入 100 万元才能完成该产品的研发，你会继续下去吗？为了完成研发，你

6、最多愿意支付多杀钱？$5 million is the sunk cost. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin.If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so.In fact, youd pay up to $3 million；any more than that, and you wont

7、be increasing profit at the margin.6.社会保障系统为年龄超过 65 岁的老人提供收入。如果承受救济的某个老人决定去工作以争取局部收入，那么他从社会保障得到的钱数通常就会减少。a.提供社会保障对人们在工作期间年轻时的储蓄鼓励有何影响？lowers an individuals incentive to save for retirement.The benefits provide some level of ine to the individual when he or she retires. individual is not entirely dep

8、endent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b.收入较高时保障金会下降，这对 65 岁以上老人的工作鼓励有何影响？an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.Because the more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be.7.某法案于 1996 年实施，它对美国联邦政府反困工程进展了改革，新法案规定某些被救助者只能

9、领取两年的救济金。a.这种改革对穷人的工作鼓励有何影响？they have greater incentive to find jobsb.这种改革对平等和效率之间的权衡有何影响更侧重于效率还是平等？the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.someone who cant find a job will get no ine at all, so the distribution of ine will bee less equal. But the economy will be mo

10、re efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs.8.你的室友做得饭菜比你好吃，但你清扫卫生的速度比他快。如果你的室友只做饭而你只清扫卫生，这比你们各干各的家务花费更多还是更少时间？再举一个类似的例子说明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况更好。By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.家庭杂务countries can specialize and trade, making both better off.EX. m

11、ake clothes and make wine efficiently s produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.9.解释以下每一项政府行为的出发点是更关注平等还是更关注效率。如果是更关注效率，分析可能涉及的市场失灵情形。a.管制有线电视价格；b.为某些穷人提供购置食品时可做钱使用的食品券；c.在公共场所制止吸烟；d.将标准石油公司该石油公司一度拥有美国 90%的炼油厂拆分成几家小公司；e.对高收入人群征收较高

12、的个人所得税；f.公布法律制止酒后开车a. Efficiency: The market failure es from the monopoly(垄断) by the cable TV firm. b. Equity c. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oils monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There

13、is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.10.从平等和效率角度讨论下面每种说法。a.“应该保证社会中的每个人得到最好的医疗效劳。Efficiency? currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their ines high,so efficiency would increase by providing more health care.if the government mandated increased sp

14、ending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of the econ

15、omic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b.“工人在被辞退后，应该允许他们在找到新工作前一直领取失业保险金。theres a tradeoff between equity and efficiency.When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some ine until they ca

16、n find new jobs. But theres an efficiency problem The economy isnt operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. So greater equity reduces efficiency11.你的生活水平和你父母和祖父母在你这般大时的生活水平，有哪些不同？为何能发生这些变化？average ine has increased over year

17、s, have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents.Cause: increased productivity: t an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to Thus ines have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.12.假设美国人决定将他们的

18、收入多储蓄一些。如果银行将多出的这局部储蓄借给商人，商人用这些钱建立工厂，这种做法如何加快了生产力的增长？你认为谁从较高的生产力中得到了好处？社会能得到免费的午餐吗？the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with.the workers, get more payment since theyre producing morethe factory owners get a return on their investments.There is no such thing as a free lunch, ho

19、wever, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher ines at the cost of buying fewer goods.市场需求降低，生产的商品销售不出去，市场会陷入疲软，企业利润减少，会通过减少产量和裁减工人降低本钱，社会经济会减缓甚至停滞。所以高储蓄换来的生产率提高只会使社会暂时获益无法持久。13. 2010 年，美国总统巴拉克.奥巴马和美国国会制定并通过了美国医疗效劳改革法案。该法案有两个目的，一是为更多的美国人提供医疗保险方法是对美国高收入家庭征税然后用于补贴低收

20、入家庭，二是降低医疗效劳的本钱方法是对医疗效劳提供系统进展各种改革。a.这些目的如何与平等和效率相关？通过向高收入家庭征税来对低收入家庭的补贴筹资，使更多的低收入人群能享受到医疗保险得到更好的治疗，有助于改善社会的收入分配增进公平；通过对医疗的提供方式进展改革降低医疗本钱，更多的产出被用于医疗方面，提高了医疗产业的效率。b.为何医疗效劳改革法案可能增加美国的生产力？.对医疗提供方式进展多种改革，提供多种灵活的医疗方式，更有效地利用了医疗领域的资源，促进更多产出，提高了美国的生产率。c.为何医疗效劳改革法案可能降低美国的生产力？医疗改革通过向高收入家庭征税补贴低收入家庭，让更多的美国人获得医疗保

21、险，但因为每个人都能承受较好的医治，人们不会再为争取更好的医疗条件而努力工作，从而会降低社会的生产率the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for.14. 在美国革命战争期间，美国各个殖民地无法筹集足够的税收资金来支持战争；为了弥补资金缺口，它们决定印刷发行更多的货币，这种做法有时称为“通货膨胀税。当货币发行过多时，是向谁“征税？为什么？持有货币者被“征税了。因为货币增加造成物价水平上升，货币的实际价值降低，每一

22、单位美元的购置力下降。货币增加使得持有货币者的财富缩水，所能购置的商品和劳务数量减少，就像是向每个持有货币的人征了税，引发了通货膨胀。 16. 通过增加公民的税收来支付新机场的建立费用，短期来说会增加公民负担，减少经济中的支出，导致失业率的上升及物价的下降；长期来看，新机场的建成为公民提供更多的便利和效劳，从而可以提供啊社会的效率。15.假设你是个政策制定者，你正在决定是否降低通货膨胀率。为了做出明智的决策，你应该了解有关通货膨胀、失业及二者之间权衡的哪些知识？Any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemploy

23、ment in the short run.what causes inflation and unemployment,what determines the tradeoff between them. 通货膨胀和失业各自对经济产生的影响多大以及抑制通货膨胀(reduce inflation )的措施对失业率的影响程度、持续时间等。A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation pared to the cost of higher unemployment.16.某个政策制定者正在决定

24、如何为新机场的建立工程筹资。他可以使用向市民征税的方法或者使用发行更多货币的方法。说说每种方法的可能的短期结果和长期结果。Raising taxes will lead to reducing spending in the economy. This will cause a short-run increase in unemployment and a drop in prices.However, printing more money will cause a long-run rise inflation because the value of money will be low

25、ered.Unit21.画出一个循环流向图。指出与以下每种活动相伴的产品和效劳流向以及货币流向。a.赛琳娜Selena向小卖部主人支付 1 元钱购置了一夸脱牛奶。b.司徒雷登Stuart在快餐店工作，每小时挣 4.50 元。c.珊娜Shanna花了 30 元钱理发。d.珊莉Sally因拥有阿克姆企业 10%的产权而赚取了 10,000 元。2.某个社会生产军用品与民用消费品，我们分将它们称为“枪炮和“黄油。a.画出枪炮和黄油的生产可能性边界。使用时机本钱的概念解释为什么这一曲线是向外弓起的。Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier b

26、etween guns and butter. It is bowed out because the opportunity cost of butter depends on how much butter and how many guns the economy is producing. When the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of guns giv

27、en up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is steep and the opportunity cost of producing butter is high. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yield

28、s a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the frontier is very flat and the opportunity cost of producing butter is low. c.在图中找到该经济无法实现的一点。再找到一个可行但无效率的点。 c.假设该社会有两个政党，分称为鹰党他们想要强大的军事和鸽党他们想要较小的军事。在你的生产可能性边界上找到鹰党可能选择的一个点和鸽党可能选择的一个点。 d.假设具有侵略性的领国降低了自己的军事规模。结果，鹰党和鸽党都减少了原本想生产的枪炮数量，假设两党的枪炮减少量一样

29、。用黄油的产量增加量衡量，哪一个政党得到了更大的“和平红利peace dividend？请解释。3.第 1 章讨论的第一个经济学原理是人们面对权衡。使用生产可能性边界说明社会在以下两种“商品上的权衡：一是清洁的环境，二是企业产品产量。你认为是什么因素决定了这一边界的形状和位置？如果工程师创造了一种新的发电方法，这种方法产生的污染较少，那么生产可能性边界将会发生什么变化？The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintain a clean environmentthe productivity

30、of the environmental industry.4.某个经济由三个人组成：拉里Larry、摩尔Moe和克莉Curly。每人每工作10 小时，他们生产两种效劳：割草和洗车。在一小时内：拉里可以割 1 块草坪或洗 1 辆车；摩尔可以割 1 块草坪或洗 2 辆车；克莉可以割 2 块草坪或洗 1 辆车。a.计算以下每种情形下生产的每种效劳数量，我们将这四种情形分记为 A、B、C、D。所有三个人将所有时间用于割草。A所有三个人将所有时间用于洗车。B所有三个人将一半的时间用于割草、一半时间用于洗车。C拉里的一半时间用于割草、一半时间用于洗车；而摩尔只洗车，克莉只割草。(D) b.画出这个经济的

31、生产可能性边界。使用你在a局部的答案，在图中标记出 A、B、C 和 D 点。 c.解释该经济的生产可能性边界为何具有你画出的那种形状？ d. 你在a局部计算的四个配置中，哪个些为无效率的配置？请解释。5.将以下主题分归入微观经济学或宏观经济学。 a.家庭制定把多少收入用于储蓄的决策b.政府对汽车排放污染管制的效应 c.国民的高储蓄对经济增长的影响 d.企业制定雇佣多少工人的决策 e.通货膨胀率和货币量变动之间的关系6.将以下每个陈述分归入实证性陈述或标准性陈述。请解释原因。a.社会面对通货膨胀和失业的短期权衡 a positive statement It deals with how the

32、 economy i，not how it should be.there is a short-run negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it is a positive statement. b.降低货币增长率将导致通货膨胀率下降 The statement tells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement.c.美国联邦储藏银行应该降低货币增长率 d.社会应该要求领取救济金的人去找工作 It states an opinion about something that should be done, not h