定语从句.docx

1、定语从句定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。定语从句关系词：引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。一Who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 What was the name of the man who lent you th

2、e money? 借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man） He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）二Whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。 There are some people (whom

3、/who)we like and others (whom/who) we dislike. 有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others） The people whom who I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people） Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语

4、从句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）三whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。 There are some people whose faces you can never forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people） I saw some trees whose leaves were black because o

5、f the polluted air. 我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）四which 1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The river which flows through London is the Thames

6、. 流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略) 2which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。 Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test） Sheila couldnt come to

7、the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party） 3which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。 John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together. 约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。五that 指人

8、时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。 He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语） I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语） The dress (that) Ann bought doesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略）

9、 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略） 提示： 在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which） Imagine the speed (that) he d

10、rives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）一、as引导限制性定语从句 主要结构有： the sameas asas suchas soas 主句中出现the same, as, such, so修饰先行词，需选择as做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。 1. Its the same person as we wanted to find yesterday. 我们昨天要找的是同一个人。 2. Such girls as he knows are good at English. 他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。 3. Do you have suc

11、h books as we like? 你有我们喜欢那种书吗？ 4. She will marry as healthy a man as she can find. 她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个有钱人。 5. There is so warm a house as we want to live in. 这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。 6. He has so difficult a problem, as none of us can solve. 他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。 二、引导非限制性定语从句 as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或

12、句尾 1 As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。 2 The earth , as we know , moves round the sun . 地球，我们都知道，围着太阳转。 3 Tom works hard and is willing to help others, as we all know. 汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道。 非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常用as做主语 be said/known/announc

13、ed/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed 1. Grammar , as has been said before, is not a set of dead rules. 语法，就像以前所说，不是一套死规则。 2. As is known to all, TaiWan is part of China. as引导非限制性定语从句，有“如，似，正像”的含义，因此，下列句式多用as as has been said above 如上所说 as anybody can see 正像每个人所看到的那样 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样

14、 1. Things are not always as they appear. 事情并不一直像他们表面那样。 2. The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我们所预料的那样，这个男孩取得了大的进步。 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very imp

15、ortant to us. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。 1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置 关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who

16、不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。 He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。 The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which/that) he once worked in is a key schoo

17、l. 他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。 The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 2介词+关系代词的常见结构 介词+which/whom This is the famous singer about who

18、m we have often talked. 这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。 Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost. 很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。 名词+of+ which/whom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover） 数词+o+ which/whom Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she neve

19、r uses. 她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。 代词+of+ which/whom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad. 我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities

20、. 我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。 Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents. 诺曼赢得五万美元，他将其中一半给了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 汤姆试穿了三件衬衫，都不满意。 最高级+of+ which/whom China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 介词+which+名词 He

21、usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows. 他通常十点钟回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在这种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。下面归纳一下定语从句的几个要点：（一）由who，whom，whose引导的定语从句这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom用作宾语，whose用作定

22、语。（二）由which引导的定语从句which在从句中作主语，或谓语动词或介词的宾语，如： This is the pen which you want.（三）由that引导的定语从句 that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语。（四）由when，where，why引导的定语从句 先行词表示地点时，有时用where，有时用that引导定语从句。这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的来判断，是及物的就用that(which)，否则用where。如： This is the room where he lived last year. Th

23、is is the house that (which) he visited last year.注意：在引导定语从句中，which与that的用法区别：1在下列情况下，只能用that，不能用which： (1)先行词是不定代词：all，few，little，much，something，nothing，anything等时； (2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时； (3)先行词被all，any，every，few，little，no，some等修饰时； (4)先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时； (5)先行词既有人又有物时。 2在下列

24、情况下，只能用which而不用that： (1)如果句中有两个定语从句，其中个用了that，另一个最好用which； (2)前面紧接着有介词； (3)非限制性从句中不用that。（五）同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 1从意义上：同位语从句对名词或补充说明或进行解释，而定语从句进行修饰、限定，相当于一个形容词的作用。2从结构上：同位语从句由连接代词，副词引导，最常用的连接词that一般不省略，也不在从句中作成分，而定语从句由关系代词/ 副词引导，that在定语从句中作主语不能省略，作宾语可省略。3从涵义上：同位语从句与所说明、解释的句词无逻辑关系，而定语从句所修饰的句词是该从句逻辑上的主、宾、表、

25、定、状语等。如： (1)The news that they had won the game arrived soon. 他们在比赛中获胜了，这个消息很快传来了。(同位语从句)(the news和that they had won the game无逻辑关系) (2) The news that you told me yesterday is true. 昨天你告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句) (the news在定语从句中相当于told的逻辑宾语)4同位语从句说明，解释的句词有所限制，大多是一些表示抽象概念的名词，而定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词无限制，既可指人，又可指物。练习1. T

26、hey talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the factory.A. which B. that C. who D. whom2. We are going to spend this Spring Festival in Beijing, _ live our grandparents and some relatives.A. which B. that C. who D. where3. There are many areas in the world _ lack experien

27、ced doctors.A. where B. in which C. which D. what4. The years and months _ we spent together are really wonderful to us all.A. when B. on which C. in which D. that5. _ has been described above, it is a general rule that solids expand as the temperature increases and contract when they are cooled.A.

28、It B. As C. That D. Which6. The boss in _ company Miss Read worked called at the hospital.A. whos B. which C. whose D. this7. He told me _ had happened to him. A. all B. everything C. all what D. what8. Susan is not the brilliant writer _ she used to be.A. which B. that C. who D. whom9. I, who _ you

29、r friend, will try my best to help you.A. be B. am C. are D. is10. The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over 1600.A. as B. that C. which D. who11. They have started an investigation, _ are being kept secret.A. whose detail B. whose the details C. the details of which D. the detail o

30、f it12. Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his absence?A. why B. for which C. which D. what13. Mr Seal has changed a lot, and many of his friends say that he is not the same man _.A. like he was B. as he used to be C. as he was used to D. like what he was14. There were two rooms in the

31、 beach house, _ served as a kitchen.A. the smaller of them B. the smallest of which C. the smaller of which D. smallest of which15. Mont Blanc _ we visited last summer, is the highest mountain in Europe.A. where B. that C. which D. , which16. He imagined various ways _ he could teach her how to learn English well.A. / B. that C. in which D.