主语和谓语的一致.docx

1、主语和谓语的一致主语和谓语的一致.1. 主语和谓语的一致关系:谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致:Herdreamshavecometrue.Herdreamhascometrue.Sheoftenarrivesatschoollate.Theyoftenarriveatschoollate.Itisgettingdark.Eggsaregettingscarcer.Iamgettingbored.2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则:21.语法上一致的原则:Theboyplaysfootballwell.Theboysplayfootballwell.Itisbitterlycold.Iamvery

2、cold.22.概念上一致的原则:Myfamilyareallearlyrisers.(指家中的全体成员,有复数含义)Hisfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.(指整个家,用作单数)Fiveminutesisenough.(一个时间段,看作单数)Thecrewarewaitingforinstructionsfromthecaptain.(指全体船员,复数)23.邻近词一致的原则:Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.NeitherTomnortheBrownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweat

3、her.Eitheryourkeyormykeyismissing.Notonlybutalsotheirteacherhasparticipatedintheparty.HeorIaminthewrong.-whatsworthvisitingthere?-well,theresthepark,thecastleandthemuseum.3.主谓一致的具体原则:31.根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式:单数主语+单数谓语;复数主语+复数谓语Theteacherencouragesthestudentstospeakfreely.Mywagesarelow,butmetaxesarehigh.Th

4、eirhousehasnineroom.Italwayspaystogiveyourpaperonefinalcheck.在“主语+系词+表语结构”中,系动词要与主语的数保持一致,不受其表语的影响.Theirgreatestconcernisthechildren.Themostappreciatedgiftwastheclothesthatyousentus.Whatweneedmostisbooks.Paulisfriendswithbill.在“单数名词(主语)+(together)with+名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致,这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用,而非主语的一部分.短语:A

5、longwith,aswellas,inadditionto,accompaniedby,ratherthan,asmuchas,nolessthan,including,besides,except,but,like.Thefactorywithallitsequipmenthasbeenburnt.YouaswellasIarewrong.Themanager,alongwithhissecretaries,isgoingtoadinnerpartytonight.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.The

6、teacher,asmuchastheparents,istoblamefortheaccident.Mr.Robbins,accompaniedbyhiswife,isarrivingtonight.32主语含有and时的谓语形式:“单数名词+and+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数.Reading,writingandarithmeticarecalledthethreeRs.JoeandBobaresmart.HeandIaregoodfriends.Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.如果由and所连接的并列主语指的是同一个

7、人或物事,谓语动词用单数.Thestatesmanandpoetwasengagedinwarfareallhislife.Ateacherandnovelistisgoingtomakeaspeechinthehall.A/The+单数名词人+and+单数名词人+单数谓语指同一个人身兼两种职务.A/The+单数名词人+and+a/the+单数名词+复数谓语指不同职务的两个人.Theconductorandcomposerwasgreetedbyacrowdofpeople.Theconductorandthecomposerweregreetedbyacrowdofpeople.一下已被看成

8、一个整体,因而做主语时,谓语动词用单数.Knifeandfork,needleandthread,acupandsaucer,ahorseandcarriage,trialanderror,lawandorder,etc.Lawandorderhasbeenestablished.Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.Fishandchipsisapopularfastfood.ThestarsandstripesisthenatioanlflagofUSA.Thesumandsubstanceofthespeechwasantiwar.主语为“every/each+单数名

9、词+and+(every/each+)单数名词”时,谓语用单数.Everyman,woman,andchildneedslove.Eachboyandgirlwasgivenabook.Eachbookandeachpaperisheldinplace.Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecious.主语为“形容词+and+形容词+不可数名词或复数可数名词”,并且是涉及到该名词的品种或类别时,谓语动词用复数.Chineseandbritishbeerareservedatthepub.Coolingdraftbeerisservedatthepub.Cleverandd

10、ullstudentsaretreatedalike.Thereisablackandwhitepictureonthewall.当“bothand”连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数.Bothhisbrotherandsisteraremarried.Bothwhalesanddolphinsaremammals.33根据邻近词一致的原则确定谓语形式:用or连接两个名(代)词作主语时,依据“邻近原则”确定谓语形式.GeorgeorTomiswanted.GeorgeorIamwrong.Wereyouorhethere?用eitheror连接连个名代词作主语时,邻近原则.EitherJ

11、ohnorhisfriendsaretoblameforthebadresults.Eithertheshirtsorthesweaterisagoodbuy.Notonlybutalso;notbut连接两个名代词作主语时,邻近原则.NotonlyMarybutalsoJohnwasinvitedtotheparty.Notthestudentsbuttheirteacherisinvitedtotheparty.34谓语用单数形式的情况:动名词,动词不定式或主语从句作主语.Reasingisagreatpleasureinlife.Tolivemeanstocreat.Thatweneed

12、moretimeisobvious.数词或“数词+复数名词(表示时间,距离,金额,重量,大小,体积等)”作主语.Eighthoursofsleepisenough.Fiveisanoddnumber.Ahundredmilesisquiteadrive,isntit?Fivetonsisaheavyload.Tendollarsistoomuchtopayforthatshirt.复数形式的专有名词作主语.ThePhilippinesconsistsofmorethan7,000islands.TheUnitedNationshasitsheadquartersinNewYorkCity.Th

13、eTimeshasalargecirculation.“manya/morethanone+单数名词”作主语.Manyalittlemakesamickle.Manyashiphasbeenwreckedonthoserocks.Morethanongrammaticalmistakeswasfoundinhiscomposition.表示群意义的词组,如:aflockofbirds,apackofdogs,aprideoflions,aherdofcattle,aschooloffish作主语.Aflockofbirdsiscirclingoverhead.Theherdofcattleis

14、breakingaway.35谓语用复数形式的情况:trousers,pants,pyjamas,shorts,pliers,scissors,pincer,tongs,glasses,spectacles,tights,compasses等;一般都用复数形式,但当这些词前面有单数量词时,谓语动词常用单数形式.Wherearemyscissors?Thereisapairofscissorsonthetable.有些集合名词作主语时,要用复数形式的谓语.Sheep,Cattle,Police,Poultry,militia,people等;Cattlefeedongrass.Thepolice

15、arelookingintothematter.“Several/(a)few/both/many+(of+)复数可数名词或上述词”单独用作主语时,谓语用复数形式.Severalofyouneedtoworkharder.Severalhavealreadywrittentome.36谓语用单复数皆可的情况:有些名词形式上是复数,但做主语,谓语多用单数,也可以用复数形式.Means,works,tidings,headquarter等;Thefirmsheadquartersare/isinLondon.Thegoodtidingcome/comestoolate.Thereis/arenom

16、eansoffindingoutwhathappened.Thesteelworksis/areclosedfortheholiday.数词组成的数学算式作主语,谓语单复亦可:Twoandthreeis/arefive.Twicetwomake/makesfour.一些复数形式疾病名称作主语,通常用单数,复数也可以.Themeaslesisaninfectiousillness.Mumpsis/arefairlyrareinadults.37不定代词作主语时的谓语形式:由any,some,no,every与body,one,thing构成的不定代词作主语或主语的一部分,谓语用单数.Somebo

17、dy,anyone,nothing,everyone等;Everybodyisdoinghisbest.Thereisnothingyoucandotohelp.Theressomethinginterestinginthenewspaper.“each,each+单数可数名词;eachof+复数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数形式.Eacharrivesontime.Eachofthebuildingblocksispaintedadifferentcolour.Eachboyhastriedtwice.Each位于复数主语之后,不影响主语的数,e.g.Theboyseachhaveanapple

18、.Either,neither作主语或主语一部分时,谓语用单数形式:Eitherisacceptable.Eitheroneisgoodenoughforme.Is/areeitherofthemadoctor?Neitheris/aretoblame.Neitheransweriscorrect.Neitherofuswants/wanttodoit.注意,neither,eitherof和neitherof等用于否定或疑问句时,特别在口语中,也可以跟复数谓语.All,some,more,most作主语或主语一部分时上述+不可数名词作主语,谓语用单数;上述+复数可数名词作主语,谓语用复数形式

19、;Allhopehasgone.Somemoneywasspentonbooks.AllroadsleadtoRome.MostArabicspeakersunderstandEgyptian.Allisgoingwell.Theressomeinthepot.Themostyoucanhopeforisfivedollars.Allareagreedonthispoint.Somearewiseandsomeareotherwise.Manypeoplesupporttheproposal,butmoreareagainstit.All,some,more,most与of连用时:同样原则;A

20、llofthisisyours.Someofthebookisgood.Someofthefoodhasbeeneaten,butnotallofit.Mostofhiswritingisrubbish.MostofthebooksonthatshelfareinEnglish,andtherestareinRussianorFrench.None作主语或主语一部分时:-Isthereanymilkinthecup?-No,thereisnone.Nonehavearrived.Nonehasreturnedfromthemeeting.“Noneof+名词”作主语:Noneofusisper

21、fect.Noneoftheguestswanttostay.Noneofthismoneyisyours.Noneofthesesuggestionsis/areveryhelpful.Any用作主语或主语一部分:Anyisbetterthannone.Anyisgoodenoughforme.Givemesomeifthereare/isany.Ifthereisanytrouble,letmeknow.Anychildwantstoknowthat.Therearescarcelyanyflowersinthegarden.Anyoftheseauthoritiesare/isrelia

22、ble.Idontthinkanyofuswant/wantstoworktomorrow.Isthereanymoreofthisstuff?Half用作主语或主语一部分:Halfwasdamaged.Halfarehere.Ibrokethechocolateintohalves,andheresyourhalf.Halfhistimewaswasted.Halfthesoldierswerekilled.Halfmyclasshas/haveobtaineddriverslicenses.Halfoftheapplewasrotten.Halfofthetimewasspentinthe

23、country.Halfofthefruitisbad.Halfofmyclasshas/haveobtaineddriverslicenses.Halfofthemarehere.Halfoftheplumsarebad.Enough作主语或主语的一部分:Enoughhasbeensaidonthismatter.Enoughareheretoconstituteaquorum.Thereisenoughfoodforeverybody.Thereareenoughplayersforagame.38表示数量的短语作主语时的谓语形式:Alotof,lotsof,plentyof,theper

24、centageof,分数词+of,aquantityof,quantitiesof作主语的一部分时:Two-fifthsofthemoneyismine.Two-fifthsofthestudentsintheclassarefromArabic-speakingcountries.Therewasquantitiesofrainthisfall.Lotsofmyfriendsarehere.Therewereaquantityofpeopleinthehall.Agreatdealof,anamountof,(a)littleof,muchof与不可数名词连用时,谓语用单数:Muchofth

25、atfurnitureisuncomfortable.Littleoftheequipmentwasstandardized.Thereisalimitedamountofoilintheworld.Agoodmany,agreatmany,anumberof与复数可数名词连用,谓语用复数.Therewereagreat(good)manypeopleinthepark.Anumberofstudentswereabsent.“thenumberof+复数名词+单数谓语”,因为thenumberof的词义为“的数目”,如thenumberofdaysinaweekisseven.39there

26、be句型中的谓语形式:Therebe句型中,be的形式通常取决于be后的主语的数;Therearentanylettersinthemailforyoutoday.Thereisntanymailforyoutoday.ThereresomegoodprogramsonTV.非正式英语中,如果therebe后是由and连接的并列主语,可以用复数谓语,也可以依据邻近词一致的原则来确定谓语形式.Thereareabluepenandayellownotebookonherdesk.Thereisabluepenandayellownotebookonherdesk.310需经判断来确定句子的谓语形

27、式:1. 集合名词作主语如果集合名词被看作是一个整体,或一个组织,谓语动词用单数形式Thegraduatingclassisinthelaboratory.Theaudiencewasrathersmall.Ateamwhichisfullofenthusiasmismorelikelytowin.如果着重其各组成部分或成员的行动,谓语用复数形式.Theclasswereallcheerful.Theaudiencewereexcitedbyhisspeech.Theteamweretalkingoversomenewplays.常用集合名词:Army,audience,club,class,

28、committee,crew,faculty,troop,group,organization,government,jury,public,school,staff,team等;2. 物主代词作主语Mineisanewbike.Theirsareoldbikes.3. “the+形容词”作主语指人时,谓语用复数Therichgetricherandthepoorgetpoorer.Thegoodarewellrewarded,andthebadarepunished.Theoldareapartofthesociety.指抽象概念时,谓语用单数Theoldgivesplacetothenew

29、.Thebeautifulexistsincontrastwiththeugly.4. 以ics结尾的学科名词作主语一些这样的词作学科名称时,谓语用单数Physicswashismajor.Mathematicsisherstrongestsubject.Strategywinswars,tacticswinsbattles.这样的名词作普通名词,谓语用复数Whataretheeconomicsoftheproject?Thelateststatisticstellthetruthoffacts.Yourmathematicsarenotsogood.Politics单数政治学复数政治活动或手

30、腕Statistics统计学统计数字或资料Tactics兵法,战术策略,手法Acoustics声学建筑物的传声性Economics经济学经济因素或财务上的考虑Anarmycommandermustbeskilledintactics.Thesetacticsareunlikelytohelpyou.Statisticsisabranchofmathematics.Thesestatisticsshowthatthereare57deathsper1000childrenborn.Acousticsistaughtinthiscollege.Theacousticsofthetheatreareverygood.5. What/which/who等疑问代词作主语或主语一部分Whichisyourfavouritesubject?Whichareyourfavouritesubjects?Whoisthewomanintheblackhat?Whoarethemeninwhitecoats?Whatshesaidistrue.Whatsheleftmeareafewoldbooks.