学术英语写作讲义.docx

1、学术英语写作讲义Lecture 11.1Features on the lexical level（词汇层面）(1) The analysis didnt yield any new results. (Informal)The analysis yielded no results. (Formal)(2) These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc. (Informal)These semiconductors can be used in robots, and CD players. (Formal)1.1.2

2、Nominalization（名词化）(1)Everyday English If a potential is applied to gas at low pressure, ionization of the molecules will result.Academic EnglishThe application of a potential to gas at low pressure will result in ionization of the molecules.(2)Everyday EnglishThe progress of the work will depend on

3、 how modern the equipment is.Academic EnglishThe progress of the work will depend on the modernization ofthe equipment.1.1.3Hedging（模糊语）(1)On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the clas

4、sroom.(2) Weismann suggested that animals become old because, if they did not, there could be no successive replacement of individuals and hence no evolution. 1.1.4 Use of single verbs （使用单一动词）(1)The material amenities of life have gone up in Western society.( increased )(2)A primary education syste

5、m was set up throughout Ireland as early as 1831.(establish)其他如look into （investigate）;get rid of （eliminate）1.2.1大量使用被动语态(1) Any container can be filled by these as they diffuse and spread out to fill them. The atoms or molecules of gases move very rapidly and are widely spaced.(2) Using a simplifi

6、ed input-output (I-O) framework, the aggregate economic output of the non-energy sector (Yt) can be formulated as the sum of value-added in the non-energy sector (Vane,t) and inter-industry payments for energy and transport services.1.2.2客观语言（1）I chose this method because it is less complex. (person

7、al) This method is chosen because it is less complex. （2）The conclusions are appalling and account, to a large extent, for the terrible morbidity and mortality statistics of this community.Text 1In this paper we are presenting our analysis of our assignment on teamwork development. The group we sele

8、cted for this assignment (the survey team) is a group of people who work for Advance Tours. We used two questionnaires developed by Cacioppe(1998) to try to measure the performance of the team and the way the team members felt about it. We then tried to present an analysis of the findings and made a

9、 few recommendations about what the team can do to improve the way they work.客观语言，句子改写Text 2This paper presents the findings of an analysis of teamwork development. The group selected for this assignment (the survey team) is a small team of four people working in a small department of Advance Tours.

10、 The performance of the team and the team members attitudes to their team were measured using two questionnaires developed by Cacioppe (1998). An analysis of the findings is then presented and recommendations are made as to what measures can be employed to improve the overall teamwork and performanc

11、e of the team.Lecture 2Being brief and concise e.g. (1a) Preliminary observations on the effect of Zn element on anticorrosion（防腐蚀）of zinc plating layer (镀锌层) (wordy)(1b) Effect of Zn on anticorrosion of zinc plating layer (concise)e.g. 中国近代纸币史中几个学术问题的探讨(2a)DiscussiononSeveralAcademicproblemsintheBo

12、okTheModernHistoryofChinesePaperMoney(wordy)(2b)SeveralQuestionsinModernHistoryofChineseBanknotes(concise)2.3 Keywords(1)Functions of keywords Keywords of a research paper are the most frequently used words and the most important words and phrases of the paper. They are representative of the theme o

13、f the paper. As it mainly functions for easiness of retrieval, “keywords” is also variously called “indexing terms”(索引词), “keywords index”, “keywords and phrases”.(2)Form and number of keywordsKeywords of research paper appear in the form of nouns, not verbs, For example, “investigation” is used ins

14、tead of “investigate”. In general, the number of keywords ranges from 2 to 8. The normal limited number of keywords is four to six in one paperAs usual, keywords are chosen from the “title” and/or “abstract”, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained(3)Location of keywordsThough

15、 keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract. They are in lowercase except abbreviations. (4)Methods of spacing keywordsThere are three methods of spacing keywords: using comma ,semicolon ;larger partition Full stop could not

16、be used to space keywords. 如：（1）“software component,(;) UML, (;) rational database”.2.4Common scientific foundation elements in Acknowledgements.1.高技术研究发展计划资助项目（863计划）（No.）National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.)2自然科学基金（面上项目：重点项目：重大项目：）No.National Natura

17、l Science Foundation of China (General Program; Key Program; Major Program)3.教育部博士点基金资助项目（No.） Ph.D Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China.4重点基础研究发展规划项目（973计划）（No.）The Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 program)5. “十一五”攻关项目National Key Technologies R & D Prog

18、ram of China during the 11th Five Year Plan Period (No.) Lecture 3Descriptive Abstract (1) This paper presents an analysis of the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air-conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusi

19、ons concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.(2) The purpose of this project is to measure environmental equity in Salem, Oregon, with an aim to contribute to a growing body of literature concerned with the unequal distribution of environmental hazards .The

20、 project analyzes important previous studies and then conducts an investigation that centers around a series of GIS (Geographic Information System) maps that reveal correlations between environmental hazards and demographics(统计学), such as race and income level. The results will be revealed and discu

21、ssed. (3) The Postmodern Appeal of complementary and Alternative medicines (CAM) to Australian Consumers: A Review of the Literature The increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) amongst health consumers and orthodox service providers in Australia is well documented. How

22、ever, understandings about the reasons for increasing consumer use of CAM in Australia and elsewhere are poorly developed and invite further research. This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review on reasons for CAM use by the Australian population. There are four main themes: 1)

23、 criticism of conventional medicine, 2)attraction to the holistic model（整体模型）of health, 3) treatment options for chronic and terminal illness, and 4) lifestyle factors which are identified and explored through social change theory, namely, globalization and post-modernization(4) Mechanism of Angioge

24、nesis(血管生成) and Arteriogenesis （动脉生成） Endothelial（皮细胞）and smooth music cells interact with each other to form new blood vessels. In this review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms（细胞分子机制）underlying the formation of endothelium-lined channels (angiogenesis) and their maturation via recruitment of

25、smooth muscle cells (arteriogenesis) during physiological and pathological（病理学的）conditions are summarized, alongside with possible therapeutic applications.Informative Abstract The major components of an informative abstract:(1)PurposeThe purpose of the study introduces the reason, the origin, the i

26、mportance and significance of the study in question, including the premise, purpose and tasks and scope of the research. The purpose section of an informative abstract might also contain the hypothesis of the experiment.(2)MethodologyResearch methods present the methods or techniques of the research

27、, including the model, theory, conditions, objects, sampling method, sample size， materials, technology, means, equipment, procedures (study design (e.g., survey), data collection and analysis. (3)ResultResults report the results of the study, including data, identified relationship, observation res

28、ults, effectiveness and performance achieved. (4)ConclusionsConclusions comment on the main contribution or value of the research paper. It includes an analysis, comparison, evaluation of the research results (e.g. interpret the results as supporting or not supporting the theory or hypotheses), new

29、issues raised, further studies of the future, assumptions, inspirations, recommendations and forecasts.当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要）: 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 信息性摘要要向读者介绍研究的实际法和结果，通常应提供尽可能多的定量或定性信息，能定量表述的一定要全部定量化，仅定性描述是不够的，要充分反映论文的创新之处。信息性摘

30、要可以看作是指示性摘要的扩展。 Informative abstract(1)The long-term performance of various systems was determined and the economic aspects of solar hot water production were investigated in this work. The effect of the collector(集热气) inclination angle, collector area and storage volume was examined for all systems

31、, and various climatic conditions and their payback period was calculated. It was found that the collector inclination angle does not have a significant effect on system performance. Large collector areas have a diminishing effect on the systems overall efficiency. The increase in storage volume has

32、 a detrimental effect for small daily load volumes, but a beneficial one when there is a large daily consumption. Solar energy was found to be truly competitive when the conventional fuel being substituted is electricity, and it should not replace diesel(柴油) oil on pure economic grounds. Large daily load volumes and large collector areas are in general associated with shorter payback periods. Overall , the systems are oversized and are economically suitable f