水利水电工程专业英语水工结构篇.docx

1、水利水电工程专业英语水工结构篇水利水电工程专业英语水工结构篇1. Planning Approach and its Physical Factors1. 规划方法和物理因素Dams are one of the groups of important civil engineering work constructed by man for his physical, economic, and environmental betterment. This list also includes waterways, highways, bridges, pipelines, electric

2、al transmission lines, dikes and levees, railroads, tunnels, jetties, breakwaters, docks, irrigation structures, recreational lakes, and others.大坝是重要的土建工程组之一，由人们以改善其物质、经济和环境的目的而建设。其中还包括航道、公路、桥梁、管道、输电线路、堤坝和防洪堤、铁路、隧道、导流堤、防波堤、码头、灌溉建筑物、旅游湖泊，等等。In almost every water project plan or situation one or more

3、dams are important elements of a project plan. However, it is seldom that the dam is the sole or only facility. In a flood control plan, a dam and reservoir may be the only project works, but it is more likely accompanied advantageously with levees and other channel control works. In water supply-ir

4、rigation, municipal, industrial, and domestic-and in power generation, dams are one of a combination of project features needed to accomplish the desired project. In such cases, the dam cannot be justified independently of the other project facilities. To be economically, financially, socially, and

5、environmentally justified it must be evaluated jointly with the group combination of project features and the total plan evaluated and judged as to its merit. Planning for a dam is one part of the planning process for the total project objective. The location, size, and design of a dam will be influ

6、enced, and often controlled, by the selection of the attainable and best warranted overall project plan.Physical factors of plan formulation include the followings:在几乎所有的水工程计划或选址中，一个或多个大坝对于一个项目计划来说是非常重要的因素。但是，大坝也很少是唯一的设施。在一个防洪计划中，一个大坝和水库可能是仅有的工作工程，但是它很可能更有效地配有堤坝和其他渠道控制工程。在灌溉供水、市政、工业和生活以及发电中，大坝是为了达到设

7、计目的的项目功能组合之一。因此，大坝孤立于其他的工程设施是不合理的。为了从经济、财政、社会和环境方面证明其合理性，就必须结合项目特点和整个计划对其优点进行评估和判断。对大坝的规划是对整个项目目标规划过程的一部分。大坝的坝址、规模和设计将会受到可达到的和最佳选择的整个项目计划的影响，并且经常受到其控制。计划制定的物理因素包括以下几个方面：1.1 Water Supply Available for Development1.1 可供水量Except for flood control projects water is the essential commodity; in flood cont

8、rol projects its sudden excess is the problem. The occurrence of surface runoff stream flows results from weather phenomena which are understood only in general principle. For water project planning purposes reliance is placed on the premise of recurring stream flows with future quantities and varia

9、tions similar to those that have occurred in the past. Direct measurements of flows of some streams over several decades, together with measurements of precipitation over periods of a century or more at some locations, support the premise. Acknowledging that a more extreme flood or drought can occur

10、 than has actually been measured or observed in a few recent time periods, the historical measurements of stream flows are accepted as the best available forecasts of stream flow supplies for water conservation developments. Theories and principles of probability of variation of stream flow quantiti

11、es are sometimes applied, but most commonly an actual record of some years of duration is used, unmodified, for calculating the water conservation accomplishment of a plan. Where measurements have not been made, or only a very few made, at a specific dam site it is possible to estimate or synthesize

12、 stream flow statistics at any dam site by reliable correlation methods.除防洪工程外，水都是必需品；在防洪工程中洪水突然过量则是问题。地表径流河流流量的发生是由仅在一般原则下理解的天气现象引起的。水工程规划目的的依据是基于经常性水流且其未来的水量和变化与过去已经发生过的相类似的前提下。该前提可以靠某些河流径流几十年间的直接测量以及某些地点一个世纪或更长时间的降雨测量来支持。认识到可能发生一个比近段时期所测量或观测更加极端的洪水或干旱，所以河流流量的历史测量值是对水保持发展中河流流量供应现有最佳的预测。径流量变化概率的理论和

13、原则有时是被应用的，但是更常见的是应用多年实际记录、未经修改的值，来计算一个计划中水保持的成就。在某些无测量或少测量数据地区，在某个特定坝址，根据可靠的相关方法可以估计或综合退出任何坝址处的径流数据。1.2 Flood Flows1.2 洪水流量Because of the enormous damage or potential damage caused by a flood of the magnitude that occurs once in a hundred years or less, stream gaging records of 10,20 or 30 years are

14、 inadequate, although of some use, in planning flood control projects or for the spillway design of any dam. In addition to any actual measurements of peak flood flows (usually difficult to obtain even when a stream is being gaged) the project planner uses other techniques of estimating the magnitud

15、e of floods. These include (1) observations of high water marks evidenced by previous floods and computations of the probable flow from flood channel dimensions, (2) records of actual measurements (including duration time) of high rainfall intensities at weather stations in the watershed area above

16、a dam site or nearest comparable location, applied to computations of runoff resulting there from.因为由百年一遇或更低的洪水所造成的巨大损害或潜在损害，10、20或30年的流量计量记录是不够的，尽管其在规划防洪工程或在任意大坝溢洪道的设计中有些用处。除了洪峰流量的实际测量值（通常难以获得，即使在流量被测量时）外，项目规划者使用其他评估洪水规模的技术。这些包括：（1）由此前洪水提供的高水位标志的观测值并由此计算行洪通道的可能的流量，（2）在流域中坝址以上或最近的可比较地点气象站高降雨强度的实际测量记

17、录（包括持续时间），并由此应用到径流的计算中。1.3 Locations of Project Sites1.3项目地点位置Two principal factors determine the location of water conservation project facilities: (1) the areas of water service need, and (2) location or locations of water supply available for development. The connecting link is a water conveyance

18、 facility. Where the water conveyance distance is long, or where pumping is required, the cost of conveyance is important in choosing locations for water conservation development. It is desirable, where possible, to locate the source at a higher elevation than the service area to avoid pumping costs

19、. Obviously, there is also economy in having a water source near the place of use.确定蓄水工程设施有两个主要因素：（1）蓄水地区，及（2）可供开发供水的地点。二者的连接环节是输水设施。在输水距离远或是需要提水的地点，考虑开发蓄水地点时输水成本很重要。最好是在可行的地区将水源设置在比受水地区高的地点，这样可以避免提水成本。很明显，将水源设置在用水地区附近也很经济。The same consideration applies to selection of hydroelectric power generation

20、 sites, except that elevation is not a factor in power transmission.同样的考虑也适用于水电站厂址的选取，除了高程不是电力传输的影响因素。1.4 Suitability of Available Dam Sites1.4可用坝址的适用性The saying “you can build a dam anywhere if you spend enough money” only means that some sites are extremely unsatisfactory. Obviously, a site should

21、 be in a narrow section of a stream channel and where both abutments have sufficient height for the need. The foundation, including abutments, should be of rock or consolidated materials sufficiently strong to support the structure and they must be watertight or so nearly so that excess leakage can

22、be prevented by sealing any cracks or fissures in the foundation with a grouting material or closing the leakage paths by placing a blanket of impervious material in the reservoir area upstream from the dam site.“如果你花足够的钱，你就可以在任何地方建坝”这个说法仅仅意味着有些坝址相当不令人满意。很明显，一个坝址应该在河流通道的狭窄地段，并且两个坝肩都应有满足需求足够的高度。坝基，包括

23、坝肩，应该为足够坚硬以支撑其结构的石质或是固结材料，并且它们必须是防水的或渗透性较弱，因此可通过用灌浆材料将坝基的裂隙和裂缝密封以阻止过量的渗流，或者在坝址上游库区设置不透水层以关闭渗流通道。Adequate geological inspections of foundation abutments, spillway and bypass tunnel sites are necessary to provide assurance of suitability.要确保适用性，必须提供足够的坝基、坝肩、溢洪道和旁路隧道地址足够的地质核查。Obviously, a dam site is t

24、o be avoided if it is on or very close to a known active earthquake fault.显然，坝址要避免安排在一个已知的活断层上或其附近。Since a dam is a massive structure it is necessary to locate an adequate supply of construction materials within economical hauling distances of the dam site. Depending upon the type of dam, these mate

25、rials may include aggregates for concrete manufacture, impervious earth materials, pervious materials, and rock for rock fills or riprap.由于坝体结构庞大，必须要将足够的建筑材料供给设置在坝址的经济运距围。根据不同的坝型，这些材料可能包括水泥制造类、防渗土料、渗透性材料，以及用于堆石或护坡的石料。1.5 Suitability of Reservoir Sites1.5库址的适应性 To obtain economical storage capacity a

26、 reservoir site should be wide in comparison to the dam site and should be on a stream having a low or gentle gradient to obtain a long reservoir in proportion to the height of the dam. Geological considerations generally require that the site not be on formations that leak excessively, and that the

27、re not be any risk of large landslides into the reservoir. Consideration should be given to any important mineral deposits in the area which may be of commercial value either at present or at some future time. The mining of some types of mineral deposits above a reservoir site may have accelerated l

28、eaching and solution of chemicals which can be concentrated in reservoir storage with objectionable effects.为获得经济库容库址应该比坝址宽，且应在一个坡度低缓的河段中，以获得与大坝高度成正比的狭长水库。地址考虑一般要求库址不应设置在大渗流构造上，并且不应有任何大的库滑坡的风险。应考虑该地区所有现在或未来有经济价值的重要矿藏。库址上某些类型矿藏的开采可能会加速渗流和化学物质的溶解，它们可能在水库中聚集而起到消极的效果。Many otherwise attractive reservoir

29、sites are on valuable land being used for other purposes: agriculture, forestry, and habitation by people. There may be important roads, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines through a site. The necessary relocation of such facilities and inhabitants and the loss of the land use may be a majo

30、r and overriding cost of a specific dam and reservoir plan. Adequate plan formulation requires that consideration be given and comparisons made of all reasonable alternative dam and reservoir sites before selecting the project plan.此外还有有吸引力的库址位于有其他用途的宝贵的土地上：农业、林业以及用于人们居住。那里可能有穿过该地的重要的道路、铁路、管线和传输线路。这

31、些设施和居民必要的重新安置及土地利用的损失可能你是某一具体大坝和水库方案的重要或压倒一切的成本。充足的方案编制须要在选择项目方案前考虑并比较所有合理的坝址和库址。1.6 Physical Site limitations1.6物理站点的限制Topographic or geological conditions frequently impose a practical or safe limit on the height of a dam. The quality and quantity of available construction materials may set the li

32、mit which a designer will not exceed for safety and stability of the structure. The continuing worldwide experiences in construction and operation of high dams provide guidelines on practical maximum heights. Among the considerations are the problems of constructing and maintaining spillways and out

33、let control valves operating to dissipate the energy of high-head water discharges.地形和地质条件经常会对大坝的高度施加实际或安全限制。可获得的建筑材料的质量和数量可能会设置限制，设计师出于对结构安全性和稳定性的考虑不会超过这个限制。世界围高坝的建设和运营的不断增长的经验为实用最高高度提供了指导。建设和维护溢洪道以及高水头泄流消能的出口控制阀操作问题均在考虑之中。Practical physical size limitations of reservoirs may be the limiting elevations of th