1、常见化学官能团含氧官能团不同的碳氧键会因其中原子程度的不同而有性质上的差异。sp2杂化的氧原子有,而sp3则有。分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子卤代甲酰基RCOXhaloformyl-oyl halideROHhydroxy-olRCORketo-, oxo-oneRCHOaldo-alROCOORalkyl carbonateRCOO?carboxy-oateRCOOHcarboxy-oic acidRORalkoxy-alkyl alkyl etherRCOORalkyl alkanoateROOHhydroperoxy-alkyl hydroperoxideROORpero
2、xy-alkyl peroxide 含氮官能团分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子RCONR2carboxamido-amideRNH2amino-amineR2NHamino-amineR3Namino-amineR4N+ammonio-ammoniumRC(=NH)Rimino-imineRC(=NR)Rimino-imineRC(=NH)Himino-imineRC(=NR)Himino-imineRC(=O)NC(=O)Rimido-imideRN3azido-alkyl azideRN2Razo-diazeneROCNcyanato-alkyl cyanateRNCisoc
3、yano-alkyl isocyanideRNCOisocyanato-alkyl isocyanateRNCSisothiocyanato-alkyl isothiocyanateRONO2nitrooxy-, nitroxy-alkyl nitrateRCNcyano-alkanenitrilealkyl cyanideRONOnitrosooxy-alkyl nitriteRNO2nitro-RNOnitroso-及衍生物RC5H4N4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridine
4、 含磷、硫官能团与同族的氮和氧相比,和中的杂原子倾向于成更多的键。分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子R3Pphosphino-phosphane甲基丙基膦HOPO(OR)2phosphoric acid di(substituent) esterdi(substituent) hydrogenphosphate亚磷酸酯RP(=O)(OH)2phosphono-substituent phosphonic acid亚磷酸苄酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)2phospho-硫醚RSRdi(substituent) sulfide磺酰基RSO2Rsulfonyl-di(substituen
5、t) sulfone磺酸基RSO3Hsulfo-substituent sulfonic acid亚磺酰基RSORsulfinyl-di(substituent) sulfoxide二苯基亚砜RSHmercapto-, sulfanyl-thiolRSCNthiocyanato-alkyl thiocyanateRSSRalkyl alkyl disulfide烃基根据所含键的不同,不同的官能团具有不同的性质。注意:烷烃基(如甲基、亚甲基)不算官能团,而苯基是官能团。分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子RHalkyl-ane烯基R2C=CR2alkenyl-ene炔基RCCRalkynyl-yne及衍生物RC6H5RPhphenyl-benzene及衍生物RCH2C6H5RBnbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene 含卤素取代基卤代烃中含有碳-键,键能随卤素不同而有变化。一般除外,卤代烃都可发生和。分类取代基名称化学式结构式英文前缀英文后缀例子卤代RXhalo-alkyl halide氟代RFfluoro-alkyl fluoride氯代RClchloro-alkyl chloride溴代RBrbromo-alkyl bromide碘代RIiodo-alkyl iodide
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