定语从句语法专项.docx

1、定语从句语法专项Attributive Clause(定语从句)定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。一、 弄清关系代词所指及其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1. 先行词指物时，用关

2、系代词thatwhich在从句中作主语或宾语。如：He bought a coat thatwhich cost little 他买了一件便宜上衣。（作主语）The car which that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one他昨天买的车是个二手货。（作宾语）2. 先行词指人时，用关系代词thatwho在从句中作主语或宾语（在口语中，代替whom）。如：The man who that gave a speech on TV is the president 昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。（作主语）This is the strange man t

3、hatwhowhom I met yesterday这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。（作宾语）3.whose在从句中作定语，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。如：This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。We live in a house whose windows open to the south我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。又如：He is one of the

4、 students who work hard他是学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students）He is the only one of the students who goes abroad 他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one）二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况。 1.先行词为all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代词时。如：There is little that I can use几乎没有什么我能用的了。2.先行词被all， each， fe

5、w， much， every， no， some， any等不定代词修饰时。如：All the books that you need are here你所需要的书都在这儿。3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the first composition that he has written in English这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。4.先行词既有人又有物时。如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited 他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。如：

6、Who is the man that is speaking over there？在那里说话的人是谁？6.先行词被the only，the very， the last等修饰时。如：This is the very gun that I am looking for 这正是我在找的枪。7.关系代词在从句中作表语时。如：He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago 他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。关系副词where, when和why同学们对定语从句已经有了初步的认识。我们已学了关系代词who， whom， whose， which

7、和that的用法，这里就说说关系副词where， when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点。关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。一、 副词where引导的定语从句1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。例如：The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings

8、by chance那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。 在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地点状语。2. 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如：The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定

9、语从句，而不是用where。试比较：The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which) people all over the world look forward to visiting 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization 长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。 在第一句的定语从句中，vis

10、iting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语、表语，所以用where作状语。二、 系副词when引导的定语从句1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。例如：Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep 伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉

11、睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2.与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如： All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong 海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。3.当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。例如：The mo

12、ment (that when) I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd 当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。 Do you still remember the day we got to know each other 你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。例如： The film reminded me

13、of those miserable days (that which) I spent in my childhood这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。三、 关系副词why引导的定语从句1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。例如：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？2.我们也可以用for which来替代why。例如：The reason why for which you fa

14、iled， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。注意：在“the reason why sb does sth is that 从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。定语从句错误分析 初学定语从句时，同学们易犯的错误归纳起来有语义重复、主谓不一致及引导词的误用等。同学们可以先试着找出下列这些句子中的错误并加以改正，然后参阅题后的分析。1 The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was th

15、e late US President Nixons daughter 分析 定语从句的引导词有两大类：一类是关系代词，包括that, which, who, whom和whose。当先行词是指人的名词或代词时，要用who, whom或whose来引导定语从句，并且，它们分别在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；当先行词是指事物的名词或代词时，要用which来引导定语从句；而that既可以指人，又可以指物。另一类是关系副词，常用的有where（表地点），when（表时间）及why（表原因）。本例中的先行词指人，所以应把which改成who或that。2 The main topic people

16、are often talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam 分析 the main topic是先行词，people are about it at present是定语从句，其中关系代词that或which在句中作介词about的宾语，被省略了。所以it是重复的成分，应该去掉。初学者很容易犯语意重复的错误，应当十分注意。3 God bless this ship and all that sails in her！分析 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词应与先行

17、词的数保持一致。本例先行词是一个表复数概念的代词all，所以定语从句的谓语动词sails应该用复数，即sail。句意是：上帝保佑这条船和所有乘船的人吧！关于主谓一致，有一个特例值得注意。见第4例。4 Franklin D Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms分析 当先行词是“the only one of the复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致，用单数 当先行词是“one of the 复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词保持一致，用复数。例如：T

18、he Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space5 The speed at that the rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second分析 当介词提前时，不能用关系代词that或who引导定语从句，而应该用which或whom。这儿的先行词speed是表事物的名词，所以应该把that改成which，而且不能省略（因为直接在介词后）。句意是：火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2公里。6 This is a

19、new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home 分析 不管先行词是指人还是物，关系代词在从句中作定语时，都必须用whose；但是指物时，还可以用“the 名词of which”的形式表示。故本例可改成：This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home或者This is a new type of airplane, the parts of which are all made at home7 Anything which exists in the

20、universe has its two sides分析 当先行词是表事物的不定代词，如all,everything,anything时,关系代词要用that，而不用which，故本句要把关系代词which 改为that。8 Whatever Saddam did couldnt change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected分析 that 不能用来引导非限定性定语从句。本定语从句的先行词是一个先行句，即前面整个句子，所以本从句中的关系代词that必须改为which。当然也可以用when, where, who（m）等引导非限定性定语从句

21、，而且不可省略，whom也不能用who代替。例如：Mr. Robert, whom Ill invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city 9.Recently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature分析 该句中前后两句之间为逗号，且无连接词，故后一句应是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词book,所以it应改为which。定语从句是历年高考试题的考查热点之一，下面就定语从句应特别注意的几个问题加以举例分

22、析：关系代词which例1 The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, it will be completely finished A by the timeB by which time C thatD which 例2 Water boils at 100, it changes to gasA at which temperatureB at which C by which temperatureD by which 析：which 引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于“介词which名

23、词”结构中，相当于“and介词thisthat名词”。所以例1选B；例2选A。关系副词when例1 Could you suggest a timeit would fit you to visit us and try out the machine 例2 Think of a timeyou were happiest(Senior3,L93)例3 There was a timeall scientists were willing to share their results（Senior3,L3）A that B when C which D where析：当先行词为a time(一

24、段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when，而不采用that，故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema(Senior2,L70) Its about a time when there were black slaves in North America(Senior1,L53)关系代词but例：There is no one wishes peaceA who B but C that D whom析：本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。b

25、ut相当于who that dont doesnt，but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合例1 It was in the small housewas built with stones by his fatherhe spent his childhoodA whichthat B thatwhereC whichwhich D wherethat析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。例2 The meeting was put off, was exactlywe wantedA whic

26、h which B as thatC which what D it that析：由题意可知，第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。练习：从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.Dont call between 12 oclock and 1 oclock, I am usually having lunchA at which B during which timeC by which time D by which2. The song is so popular there is no one in our

27、classlikes itA that who B thatbutC which who D whichbut3.It is such a good place everybody wants to visit it is well-known all over the worldA which that B as as C as that D that as4 We are living in an agemany things are done on computer(北京2003春) Awhich Bthat Cwhose DwhenKey:14BBCD非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和

28、主句之间常用逗号隔开，它与主句的关系不十分密切，只对先行词作补充或附加说明，如省略，也不影响主句意思的表达。如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses上述例子作如下改动，句子意思仍然完整： Water has many uses一、 关于引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，须注意以下三点：1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词在指物时，只能用which，而不能用that；关系代词which既可指代先行词，也可指代前面整个句子的内容。如：He lives in Weifang, which is only an hours ride from here

29、 (关系代词 which 在定语从句中作主语，指代主句中的 Weifang。)I have lost my pen, which I like very much (关系代词which在定语从句中作宾语，指代主句中的pen。)New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us (关系代词which 在定语从句中作主语，指代整个主句的内容。) 2.关系代词 which 和as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：as 有“正如” 、“就像” 的意思， 而which没有；as 引导非限制性定语

30、从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，可以放在主句之前或之后；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。如：As is known to all, he is the best student in our class (as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。)He opposed the idea, as could be expected (as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。) 常用的这种句式有：as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等