1、初中语法知识梳理形容词和副词初中语法知识梳理形容词和副词 一、形容词:形容词是用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。它可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语等,有时还可以作状语。部分带有定冠词的形容词可以用作名词,在句中作主语或宾语。1、形容词一般放在它所修饰名词的前面,但是如果有一个以上的形容词修饰名词,那么它们的位置由它们和被修饰词的关系密切程度而定。【名词前形容词的排列顺序口诀】限冠形龄色国材(1)【注】限:限定词 冠:冠词 形:形容词 龄:年龄 色:颜色 国:国家 材:材料限数描大形,新色国材名(2)【注】限:限制性词语the,this,my等 数:数量词描:描写性用词大:大小,多少 形:形状
2、 新:新旧,老少 色:颜色 国:国籍材:材料 名:名词作定语距离名词由远到近顺序如下:限定 a, the,those,his 数量 three,several,first,many 描述 good,happy,strong,dirty 大小big,small,little,huge形状 round square short high 新旧old,new,young,senior 颜色red,blue,gray,brown 出处foreign,Asian,British,Chinese 材料 wooden,steel,plastic用途writing,medical,eating,chemica
3、l2、形容词修饰不定代词something,anybody等时,需放在它们的后面。3、有些形容词只能作定语,不能作表语。常见的有起强调作用的only,very,specific,main等;有与名词同根的如wooden,woolen,golden,medical及elder等。4、有些形容词一般不作定语,只作表语,被称为表语形容词。如:表示身体状况的well,ill;表示情感、态度的glad,sorry,sure等以及首字母为a-的afraid,alike,alone,awake,alive等。5、形容词常用句型:(1)“Its + adj.+ of + sb. + 不定式” 表示“某人 (做
4、某事) 怎么样”。这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good (好的),kind (友善的),nice (友好的),polite (有礼貌的),clever (聪明的),foolish (愚蠢的),lazy (懒惰的),careful (细心的),careless (粗心的),right (正确的),wrong (错误的) 等。如:Its very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)(2)“Its+adj.+for+sb. +不定式” 表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。 这一句型中常用的形容词有import
5、ant (重要的),necessary (必要的),difficult (困难的),easy (容易的),hard (艰难的),dangerous (危险的),safe (安全的),useful (有益的),pleasant (舒适的),interesting (有趣的),impossible (不可能的)等。如:Its not easy for them to learn a foreign language.=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.(3)表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad (高兴的),pleased (高兴的),s
6、ad (忧伤的),thankful (感激的)等常接不定式。如:Glad to see you.(4)表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready (乐意的,有准备的),able (有能力的),sure (一定),certain (一定)等常接不定式。如:He is sure to get to school on time.6、形容词的名词性用法:有些形容词可以与定冠词the连用,相当于一个名词,泛指一类人或事物。【收藏夹】(1)the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the wise 聪明人the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the blind 盲人 the deaf 聋子t
7、he dumb 哑巴 the sick 病人 the dead 死者 the Chinese 中国人这些词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。*(2)the right 正确的事 the best 最好的情况the impossible 不可能的事the true,the good and the beautiful 真善美此类词可表示抽象概念,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。(3)介词+形容词构成的固定搭配:In general 大体上,一般而言 for short 简称,缩写in particular 特殊地,尤其 in short 简而言之at least 至少二、副词:修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或
8、全句,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。1、副词的构成:(1)本身就是副词;now,here,rather(2)由形容词+ly构成;slowslowly, carefulcarefully注:以y结尾的形容词变副词要先将y改为i,再加ly。如:happyhappily,easyeasily(3)有些副词与形容词形式相同;early,late,high,close2、副词的位置:(1)修饰形容词的副词一般放在被修饰词之前(enough例外)如:My aunt looks like quite young.(2)修饰动词的副词,有不同情况:表示不确定时间的副词,如always,often,us
9、ually,never等词,常放在be动词、情态动词或助动词的后面,实意动词的前面。如:She always tells lies to me.表示确定时间的副词,常放在句首或句末。如:I saw him yesterday.表示地点的副词常放在句末。如:Mr. Li was born in Beijing.注:时间副词和地点同时出现时,一般把时间副词放在后面。如:We are going to Shanghai tomorrow.表示方式的副词,常放在句末,也可放在其他位置。如:He closed the door quietly. = He quietly closed the door.
10、(3)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:People in the park are playing sports.(4)有些形容词可用作副词来修饰另一个形容词。如:dark red 深红色的 light blue 浅蓝色的white hot 白日化的 icy cold 冰冷的口语中短语nice and,good and,fine and,lovely and等也可当副词来修饰做表语的形容词,相当于very。如:He was good and tired.他非常疲劳。The room is nice and clean.房间非常干净。【注意】有些副词有两种形式,一个与形容词同形,一个以
11、ly结尾,但含义不同:close 接近地 closely 仔细地密切地free 免费地 freely 自由地,无拘束地hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不late 晚,迟 lately 近来most 极,非常 mostly 主要地high 高 highly 高度地非常地loud 大声地 loudly 大声地(含喧闹之意)near 邻近 nearly 几乎3、常见副词用法辨析:(1)already,yetalready用于肯定句句中,表示“已经”; yet用于否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经”。 如:He had already left when I called.Have
12、 you found your ruler yet?I havent finished my homework yet.注意:already还可以表示惊奇,惊讶等语气,常用于疑问句句末。如:Has your son gone to school already? (表示很惊讶)(2)very,much和very muchvery用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;修饰动词要用very much.如:John is very honest.This garden is much bigger than that one. Thank you very much.(3
13、)so,suchA、so修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词,如:My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him. He is such a boy.B、so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词,其结构是“so+形容词+a / an+可数名词单数”;such可以修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词,名词前可以有形容词作定语,其结构是“such+a / an+形容词+可数名词单数”,“such+形容词+可数名词复数 / 不可数名词”。如:He is so clever a boy.= He is such a clever boy.It is such
14、cold weather.They are such good students.C、如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有much,little修饰,用so不用such。如:so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以接可数名词复数;so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以接不可数名词。(4)also,too,as well和eitheralso,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。如:My father is a t
15、eacher. My mother is also a teacher.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher,too.I cant speak French. Jenny cant speak French,either.(5)sometime,sometimes,some time和some timessometime:“某一时间,某一时刻”可指将来时,也可指过去时;sometimes:“有时,不时”相当于at times;
16、some time:“一段时间”其中time为不可数名词;some times:“几次,几倍”其中的time为可数名词。如:Well have a test sometime next month.Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.I have been to Beijing some times.(6)ago,beforeago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用;before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前
17、,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。如:I saw him ten minutes ago.He told me that he had seen the film before.(7)now,just和just nownow:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”;just:与现在完成时、过去完成时连用,表示“刚”;just now:和过去时连用,表示“刚才”。如:Where does he live now?We have just seen the film.He was here just now.【收藏夹】do wrong 做错事 speak loud大声讲话 go sl
18、ow 慢慢走play fair 公平地比赛 drink deep痛饮三、形容词、副词比较等级的用法:1、原级常用的句型结构:(1) “甲+ be + (倍数) + as + 形容词原级 + as + 乙” / “甲+实意动词 + (倍数) + as + 副词原级 + as + 乙” 表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”如:Tom is as old as Kate. Tom is twice as old as Kate.Tom runs as fast as Mike. Tom runs twice as fast as Mike.(2)“甲+ be + not + as / so +
19、形容词原级+ as + 乙” / “甲+助动词+ not + 动词原形+ as / so + 副词原级+ as + 乙” 表示甲不如乙如:This room is not as/so big as that one. He doesnt walk as slowly as you.2、比较级常用的句型结构:(1)“甲+ be + (倍数) + 形容词比较级+ than + 乙” / “甲+实意动词 + (倍数) + 副词比较级 + than + 乙” 表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙几倍” 如: Tom is taller than Kate. This room is three times big
20、ger than that one.I got up earlier than my mother this morning.。He runs three times faster than his brother.(2)“甲 + be + 形容词比较级 + than + any other + 单数名词( + 介词短语)” / “甲+实意动词+副词比较级+ than + any other + 单数名词(+介词短语)” 表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”,含义是“甲最”。如:The Yangtze River is longer than any o
21、ther river in China.=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.注:The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.(不在同一范围内不用other)Mike gets to school earlier than a
22、ny other student in his class.= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.= Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.= Mike gets to school earliest in his class.迈克在他们班到校最早。注:Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Toms class.迈克比汤姆班上任何一个学生
23、到校都早。(迈克和汤姆不是同一个班)(3)“甲+ be + the + 形容词比较级 + of the two +” 表示“甲是两者中较的”。如:Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.(4)“比较级+ and + 比较级” 表示“越来越”。如: He is getting taller and taller.The flowers are more and more beautiful.He does his homework more and more carefully.(5)“the +比较级,the + 比较
24、级” 表示“越,越”。如: The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll make.(6)“特殊疑问词 + be + 形容词比较级,甲or乙?” / “特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级,甲or乙?”如: Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?Who draws better,Jenny or Danny?3、三者或三者以上相比,用最高级(形容词最高级前一定要加定冠词the,副词最高级前的the可以省略),后常有表示范围的介词短语in + 场所,of +同类人或物。用in或of,主要看是否为同类相比,同类
25、相比用of,不同类相比用in。最高级常用句型结构:(1)“主语+ be + the + 形容词最高级+单数名词+ in / of短语” / “主语+实意动词+(the) +副词最高级+单数名词+in / of短语” 表示“是中最的”。如:Tom is the tallest in his class./ of all the students.This apple is the biggest of the five.I jump (the) farthest in my class.(2)“主语 + be + one of the + 形容词最高级+复数名词+ in /of短语” 表示“是中
26、最之一”。如:Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.(3)“特殊疑问词 + be + the + 最高级, 甲,乙,or丙?” / “特殊疑问词+实义动词+(the)+ 副词最高级,甲,乙,or丙?” 用于三者以上的比较。如: Which country is the largest,China,Brazil or Canada?Which season do you like (the) best,spring,summer or autumn?4、形容词、副词比较级最高级的规则及不规则变化:(1)一般在词尾直接加er或est,如:tal
27、l-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st,如:nice-nicer-nicest(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est,如:heavy-heavier-heaviest(4)重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est,如:big-bigger-biggest(5)部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级,如:slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most be
28、autiful(6)表示“差于,低于”时,在原级前加less,least(7)几个不规则变化的词:good / well -better-best bad / ill / badly -worse-worstmuch / many -more-most little-less-leastfar-farther / further-farthest / furthestold- older / elder-oldest / eldest (最后这两个词的比较级及最高级前一个为本义,后一个为转义)【注】1、为了避免重复,在从句中常用one,that,those等词来代替前面提到的名词。如:The
29、weather this winter is warmer than that last winter.2、表示“几倍于”,用“倍数+ asas”来表示,也可用“倍数+比较级+ than”表示。如:My book is three times thicker than yours.3、用much, far, even, a lot, a bit, a little等副词可用来修饰形容词和副词比较级,表示程度(其中a little也可以修饰原级),而very,quite,so,too等只能用来修饰原级。如:Its much warmer today.4、one of the +形容词最高级+名词
30、复数+in / of +名词。5、形容词最高级前用不定冠词不表示比较而是“非常”。如:He is a most handsome young man. = He is very handsome young man.【比较等级变化规律口诀】比较级要变化,一般词尾加-er。词尾若有哑音e,直接加r就可以。重读闭音节,单个辅音字母要双写。辅音字母加y,要把y改i。最高级加-est,前面加the莫忘记。形容词若是多音节,只把more, most前面写。 【形容词和副词比较级和最高级构成口诀】 结尾直加-er,-est属一般,详细构成方法逐一来侃谈。 一辅音结尾重读闭音节看,辅音双写-er,-est是
31、习惯。辅音加y(ly)除外有型感,按照去y,-ier,-iest方法办。上述皆属单音部分双音段,下面把多音节规律来看看。 词前加more,most此规律唤。规则变化到此已全都谈完。 有些不规则变化请你记全。“双好”better,best记的宽。 “坏病”worse,worst莫记乱。“双多” more,most不用管 “老、远”两种形式别记串,“有点”less,least记清盼。【收藏夹】*汉语中的“最”在英语中除了用最高级外,还有其他表达方式:(1)否定词+比较级Nothing is more precious than health. 健康的身体是最重要的。(2)比较级+than+any other / anyone else / anything elseBamboo probably has many more uses than any other plant in the world.竹子也许是世界上用途最广的植物。(3)否定词+so / asasNo experience is so valuable as the experience gained with
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