目 录高考英语语法.docx

1、目 录高考英语语法目 录 一.主谓一致 1 二.含否定式的比较 4 三.定语从句 5 四.名词性从句 10 五.情态动词 14 六.虚拟语气 20 七.倒装 25 八.反意疑问句 29 九.反意疑问句疑难 31 十.名词的用法 34 十一.名词的疑难问题 0 十二.数词 41 十三.时态 43 十四.冠词的用法 51 十五.代词 56 十六.现在分词 62 十七.过去分词 66 十八.动名词 69 十九.不定式 73 二十.非谓语动词小结 81 廿一.独立结构 84 廿二.更正 87主 谓 一 致一、语法形式上的一致关系 （一）and(conj）连接两个并列的主语： 小结：(1)and(con

2、j)连接两个并列主语时，一般应视为复数。 （2）当两个并列主语指同一种（类）东西或同一身份的人时， 且and 后的名词 前通常无冠词，此时谓语动词应选单数。 （3）并列主语前被 no，every，each ，many a 修饰时，谓语用单数。 （4）如并列主语指成双成对的物品时，谓语动词用单数形式。 （二）句中含附加成份（或插入语），就远原则 小结：主语是单数形式，后面跟有(together)with, as well as , rather than,except,besides, along with. 等插入语，无论这些插入语后是带复数形式还是单数形式，谓语动词选用单数. （三）就近原则

3、 （1）两个主语用or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等连接，谓语应与相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。 （2）在there is ,here is或其它状语提前的倒装句中，谓语动词形式亦应体现就近原则。二、意义上的一致 (一)表示时间、价格、距离、长度、重量、等复数和名词（词组）作主语可视为整体概念，谓语动词可用单数。例如： (1) Five years is needed to realize the plan. (2) A million pounds is a large sum of money. (3) Twenty miles was cov

4、ered in a single night.(二)作主语用的集体名词:class,family,team,group,village,crew,crowd,committee 等若将其看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数，若看作若干个体,谓语则可用复数， 例如： (1) The committee is made up of seven members. (2) The committee were unanimous (全体一致的) in their opinion. (3) There is (are) a crowd of people in the park. （三）一些形式上是单数，意义上

5、是复数的名词如: people,public,police,cattle,militia(民兵)等作主语时，谓语一般用复数。例如： (1) There were many people present at the gathering. (2) The police are looking for the criminal (罪犯). (3) The cattle (牛群) are grazing in the fields. 注： 当public 强调整体时，police指警方时，谓语动词也可用单数。 (1) The public is the best judge. (2) The pol

6、ice is offering a reward to anyone who can give information about the lost boy. （四）一些形式上是复数，意义上是单数的名词 作主语，如 physics, news, means,politics, mathematics, the United States, the United Nations 等，谓语应视为单数，而另一组如 trousers, glasses, clothes, scissors (剪刀),shoes等形式上是复数，意义上是单数的名词 作主语时，谓语则用复数。 （注：当这些名词前有 a pai

7、r of 时，谓语用单数）如： (1) Every means has been tried. (2) The United States is one of the largest countries in the world. (3) My trousers are being washed. 注：means 被all 所修饰时，动词用复数。三、其它情况的主谓一致：（一）动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语，谓语动词可用单数。（二）what 和 all 引导的从句的数往往取决于后面的成份。如： (1) What I bought was leather. (2) What he has

8、are the books on the table. (3) All I need is knowledge. (4) All she has got are those gifts. 注：当从句表示所说的话、所做的事这一概念时，谓语动词应视为单数。如： (1) What he said is true. (2) What he said has left us much to think about .（三）all,some,most,percent,half,part,none,及分数做主语，要根据它们后面所修饰的词决定谓语的数，如修饰的是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数，如是不可数名词

9、谓语动词用单数。(四)something,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody,everybody,either, neither,each等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数。（五）“定冠词the+某些形容词（或过去分词），表示一类人时，动词要用复数，若指东西或思维活动时，通常被看作单数：（六）“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，“a number of”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 含否定式的比较no more than = onlynot more than = at mostno more. than = not any more

10、than 和一样不 not more.than = not so as 没有到程度 no less than = as much / many as 多达 not less than = at least 最少no less. than = asas 和一样not less.than = 至少不比差, 也许更He has no more than 10 dollars. =onlyHe has not more than 10 dollars. = at mostHe is no more mad than I am. =He is not mad , nor am I. = He is no

11、t mad any more than I.He is not more mad than I am.= He is not so mad as I.(I比He更)He has no less than 10 dollars. 多达 =as much asHe has not less than 10 dollars. = He has at least 10 dollar. 最少He is no less rich than his sister. =as rich asHe is not less rich than his sister. = He is as rich as, or r

12、icher than, his sister.定 语 从 句（形容词从句）一、定语从句的概念： 1、中文的定语通常放在名词 前，由的表示，一本好的书 （有时“的”可省略） 2、英语的定语则有好几种： （1）前置定语： 由形容词 、名词、现在分词、过去分词 、动名词构成。 例如： a good book ; a chemistry book ; a sleeping boy a broken car ; a sleeping car(共同点： 一个词 ) (2）后置定语： 由介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词 、构成。 例如： the book on the desk ;the pipes t

13、o carry water the boy talking to him;the window broken yesterday 这种定语通常由好几个词构成，放前面会造成混乱。 （3） 定语从句-后置定语 the book which is red is my brothers. 用一个句子来修饰前面的一个名词或代词 ，这个句子称为定语从句，而这一名词或代词称为先行词. 二、先行词 与定词 从句的连接： 1、先行词与从句之间用关系代词that, which, who ,whom, whose 及关系副词when, where, why , how 连接。 2、 关系代词及副词代替先行词，同时在

14、定语从句中充当一个语法成分。 例如： The place which I visited last year is Shanghai . 这里 which 代替 place, 做 visit 的宾语 三、具体用法：1、(1) that 代替人或物 a. A bus is a machine that can run. b. Do you know the boy that is speaking at the meeting? (2) 当that在句子中充当宾语时可省略。 Is this the driver (that) you talked about. (3) 下列情况 一定要用 tha

15、t 做关系代词。 a. 序数词、最高级修饰先行词及only。 例： The first novel that I read was an interesting one. This is the best book that I have ever read. The only pen that I have is an old one. b. 不定式代词 做先行词 ：all , everything , nothing , anything All that you said is right. He told me everything that was interesting. c.先行

16、词有两个分别表示人或物。 The old man and the dog that you are taking care of are in the room. 注：关系代词在从句中做主词时，从句谓语与人称先行词要一致。 例： They are workers that are working hard.2. which (1)指物（可用that 代替） The shop which (that)sells apples is over there. (2)一定要用which 的情况。 a.在介词后做宾语 This is the room in which they live. b.引导非限

17、制定语从句 The stems of bamboo are hollow, which make them very light.3. who, whom, whose 的用法： (1) who 代替人，做主语、现代英语也可代whom做宾语 a.This is the doctor who (that) saved the boys life. b.The comrade who(whom) they asked a question was Zhang Hong. 注：whose pen is this ? whose 为疑问形容词。 whose is this pen? whose 为疑问

18、代词。 (2) whose + 名词可代人，也可代物的所有格（ whose 为关系形容词） a.He is the boy whose father is a teacher. b.This is the house whose windows were broken yesterday.4. 从句中含有介词时的处理方法： (1)可接自然方式放在动词后，可用which/that代物；whothatwhom代人 This is the classroom which that we are studying in now. (2) 一般把介词提前，这时只能用which 代物，whom 代人 a.

19、 This is the classroom in which we are studying now b. The man about whom you are talking is my teacher. (3) 某些动词短语（固定词组）的介词不能提前： 如：work on , look after , take care of , look for 例：This is the pen which that you are looking for.5. whose + 名词，指物时的难点：转换形式 whose book =the book of which=of which the boo

20、k It was a meeting.Its importance I didntt understand at that time. It was a meeting whose importance I didnt understand at that time. It was a meeting the importance of which I didnt understand at that time. It was a meeting of which the importance I didnt understand at that time. 6. 关系副词：when , wh

21、ere , why 的用法： (1)a. He cant forget the day when he joined the army. b. This is the place where I worked two years ago. c. Do you know the reason why he was late yesterday? 注：the reason 常 与why 连用 (2)when,where是关系副词，不能充当主语、宾语，如遇这种情况，则改用which或 that代替。 a. We visited a factory that makes toys for childr

22、en. b. This is the time that I cant forget.(3) when,where,why是副代，它们用来代替时间、地点、原因，在句中做状语，而这些状语通常由介词短语构成，因此可把when看成in on at，把where看成inon at which 把why 看成 for which 。 a. I still remember the day when on which Nanjing was liberated. when = on which = on the day b. This is the year when in which I went to

23、 college. when = in which = in the year c. This is the place where in which I worked two years ago. where = in which = in the place d. Is there any reason for which why you should have a holiday? why = for which = for the reason 7. 定语从句的特殊用法：(1) such + 名词 +as +从句 =名词 + such as + 从句(复数名词)a. Such peop

24、le as you talked about just now are workers in the factory. = People such as you talked about just now are workers in the factory. =The people that / who when /whom you talked about just now are workers in the factory.(单数名词) b. Lets read such a book as was published last year . 注：as 为关系代词。 注：suchas

25、such+a+adj+名词+that从句(如此以致)so+adj+a+名词+that 从句则是结果目和状语从句。that 为连接词，无语法作用。 He is such a strong a boy that he can carry box. He is so strong a boy that he can carry the heavy box.(2) the same 名词 as 从句 I have the same trouble as you (do).(3) 在the way 后，关系代词 that 常省略： This is the way (that ) I smiles.8.

26、限制性定语从句与非限制 定语从句 (1)限制性定语从句紧跟着先行词 ，中间不用逗号隔开，如果去掉，主句意思不完整。 I was the only person who was invited. (2)非限制性定语从句与主句关系 不密切，只是对先行词 或对前面整句的修饰。如果去掉，意思不会有多大改变。 主句与从句之间用逗号隔开。 (3)限制性定语从句的关系代词做宾语时，可省略。但非限制定语从句则不能省略。 a . The man (whom) you talked about is here. b. He gave me a book, which I left in the room. (4)

27、 非限制性定语从句，物用which不用that，人主语用who，宾语用whom不能替换。 a . The house , which I bought last year , has a lovely garden. b. The small man, whom nobody knew , is his father. (5) 在some(any, none, all, both, several, many, few)+ of+ which whom的用法： a. Its a family of eight children , all of whom are studying music.

28、 (人) b. We have tested three hundred pairs of boots, none of which is good.(物) (6) in which + 名词的用法 He may be late, in which case we should wait for him.9. as 与 which 的区别 （1）前置用as,不用which As anyone can see, an elephant is like a big fan. (2) 后置时，as 修饰整句，which 可修饰主句的某词或整句。 I have bought a pen, which

29、is very expensive. 注：下面情况用as 多： a. 表“正如这一点”；b.含情态动词 c.含感官及理解性动词，如see, know, expect, hear, understand 。名词性从句（一）一、名词的概念及作用： 1、名词的概念，人、物或抽象事物的总称。 2、作用：主语、表语、宾语、同位语等。二、名词性从句： 1、当主语、宾语、表语、同位语分别用句子来表达时，称为名词性从句。 2、类型：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 3、特点：名词性从句本身具有名词特点，虽有关联词，但决没有先行词， 而定语从句则具有形容词特点，一定要有先行词(名词或代词)。三、具体用法： 1、主语从句 (1)that 用来引导主从句的陈述句 That he will come has been heard. 注： (1) that 不能省略，(2)that 在从句中不充当语法成分。 请比较，The room that is bright is our classroom. 定语从句做that主语 (2) whether-是否 引导带一般疑问句的主从句。 Whether he will come is still unknown. (3) why 的用法： 引导特殊疑问句的主从句。 Why he didnt come