英语职称考试重点复习资料.docx

1、英语职称考试重点复习资料Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 eventsflowering，the appearance of leaves，the first frog calls of the springall around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non一scientists, sometimes

2、called citizen scientists，for helpClimate scientists are not present everywhere .Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them，theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages

3、ordinary people to observe a very specific research interestbirds，trees，flowers budding，etc.and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists .This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their

4、 own.Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyperlocal beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in. A group of scientists and educators launched

5、an organization last year called the National PheNology4 Network.Phenology”is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature. One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and nonscientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program，calle

6、d Project BudBurst，collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States People participating in the projectwhich is open to everyonerecord their observations on the Proiect BudBurst website“People dont have to be plant expertsthey just have t0 100k around and see what

7、s in theirneighborhood，”says Jennifer Schwartz，an education consultant with the ProjectAs we collectthis datawell be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities5 of plants and animalswill respond as the climate changes”. 1Ecologists turn to nonscientist citizens for help because they need

8、 themA)to provide their personal life cyclesB)to observe the life cycle of plantsC)to collect data of the life cycle of living thingsD)to teach children knowledge about climate change2What are citizen scientists asked to do?A)To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists

9、B)To send their research observations to a professional databaseC)To increase their knowledge about climate changeD)To keep a record of their research observations3In“All thats needed to become one. (paragraph2)”，what does the word one stands for?A) a citizen journalistB) a citizen scientistC) a sci

10、entistD) a citizen4What is NOT true of project BudBurst?A) Only experts can participate in it B) Everybody can participate in itC)It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants D)It has its own website5What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A)To study when plants will have their fi

11、rst budsB)To find out the types of plants in the neighborhoodC)To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States D)To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changesArctic MeltEarths North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy.

12、Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean fell to a record lowNormally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks during the summer .But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining.Since l979，each decade has seen an l

13、 l.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover2. Between1981 and 2000，ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thicknessbecoming 1.13 meters thinner.Last summer，Arctic sea ice reached its skimpiest levels yet. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4 .2 million square kilometers.

14、Thats 38 percent less area than the aver-age cover at that time of yearAnd its a very large 23 percent below the previous record low，which was set just 2 years agoThis continuing trend has scientists concerned There may be several reasons for the ice melt，says Jinlun Zhang，an oceanographer at the Un

15、iversity of Washington3 in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic，leaving a large area of thin ice and open water4。 Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies

16、al-1ow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere .In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.50Celsius warmer than average and 1.50Cwanner than the previous record high5 With both air and water getting warmer，the ice is melting

17、from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea6，north of Alaska and western Canada，ice that measured 3 .3 m thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 centimeters by seasons end. The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just l

18、ooking at ice cover from above，says Donald K. Perovich，a geophysicist at the U .S Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover，N . H7 Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover.1 Which of the following is closest in meaning to

19、 the word “build” in the first sentence of the second paragraph?A) ConstructB) ExtendC) CreateD) Expand2 What is the ice cover in the Arctic by the end of 2007 summer?A)4.2 million square kilometersB) 11 4 million square kilometersC) 113 million square kilometersD) 38 million square kilometers3 What

20、 are the reasons for the ice melt according to the scientists?A) Strong winds and clear skiesB)Long summer and short winterC) Open water and thin iceD)Light clouds and light winds4 Why is the ice melting from both above and below?A) Because extra heat warms the airB) Because extra heat warrus the wa

21、terC) Because the temperature above the water is higherD) Both A and B5 What can be a possible title for the passage?A) What are scientists looking for in the Arctic Ocean7B) What are scientists doing in the Arctic Ocean7C) Why are scientists worrying about the Arctic Ocean?D) Why are scientists int

22、erested in the Arctic Ocean?Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive WasteThe withdrawal of Nevadas Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repositoryl has reopened the debate over how and where to dispose of spent nuclear fuel and highlevel nuclear waste. In an artic

23、le in the July 10 issue of Science，University of Michigan2 geologist Rodney Ewing and Princeton University3 nuclear physicist Frank von Hippel argue that，although federal agencies should set standards and issue licenses for the approval of nuclear facilities，local communities and states should have

24、the final approval on the siting of these facilities. The authors propose the development of multiple sites that would service the regions where nuclear reactors are located.“The main goal.should be to provide the United States with multiple alternatives and substantial public involvement in an open

25、 siting and design process that requires acceptance by host communities and states，”the authors write.Ewing and von Hippel also analyze the reasons why Yucca Mountain，selected by Congress4 in 1987 as the only site to be investigated for longterm nuclear waste disposal, finally was shelved5 after mor

26、e than three decades of often controversial debate. The reasons include the sites geological problems，management problems，important changes in the Environmental Protection Agencys standard，unreliable funding and the failure to involve local cmrmmnities in the decisionmaking process. Going forward，ef

27、forts should be directed at locating storage facilities in the nations northeasern，southeastern，midwestem and western regions，and states within a given region should be sponsible for developing solutions that suit their particular circumstances. Transportation of nuclear waste over long distances，wh

28、ich was a concern with the Yucca Mountain site，would be less of a problem because temporary storage or geological disposal sites could be located closer to reactors. “This regional approach would be similar to the current approach in Europe，where spent nuclear fuel6 and high-level nuclear waste7 fro

29、m about l50 reactors and reprocessing plants is to be moved to a number of geological repositories in a variety of rock types8，”said Rodney Ewing，who has written extensively about the impact of nuclear waste management on the environment and who has analyzed safety assessment criteria for the contro

30、versial Yucca Mountain nuclear waste reposito-ry.1.Which of the following words can best substitute the word“withdrawal “in the first paragraph? A RetirementB CancelingC ReplacedD Disposal2According to Rodney Ewing and Frand von Hippel，where to locate nuclear facilitiesA should be approved by the fe

31、deral governmentB should be approved by local people and statesC should be approved by CongressD is not an important issue3. What is NOT true about the l987 decision by Congress concerning siting of nuclear waste disposalA Yucca Mountain was selected as the only site for a nuclear waste repositoryB

32、The selection of Yucca Mountain for nuclear waste disposal caused much：controversyC The decision by Congress was put aside due to a number of problems D The decision by Congress was accepted by local communities4. What does the author of the essay in the fourth paragraph want to say?determine A Efforts should be made to solve the problems of transportation of nuclear waste over longdistance B Efforts should