1、生理学基本概念双语解释生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释苏州大学医学部生理学系(学生版)Basic Concepts of Physiology in English and Chinesefor the Students Use绝对不应期 absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.动作电位 action potentialAn action potential is a rapid change in th
2、e membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).主动转运 active transportThe movement of
3、substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy后负荷 afterloadAfterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.自身调节 autoregulationIn certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond dir
4、ectly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.完全强直收缩 complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, a
5、nd the contraction appearsto be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去极化 depolarizationThe change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞 endocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the
6、cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡电位 equilibrium potentialElectrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balan
7、ce and no net movement of charged particles occurs.兴奋性 excitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.兴奋 excitationExcitation signifies a
8、nd increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞 exocytosisA stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化扩散 facilitated diffusionIn facilitated diffusion
9、, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores.Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K +,Ca2+ or Cl- to move do
10、wn their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.反馈 feedbackFeedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.稳态
11、HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.体内 in vivoExperiments performed on the whole body.内环境 internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the b
12、ody.等长收缩 isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.等张收缩 isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.负反馈 negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed,information is sent to a controll
13、er, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神经肌肉接头 neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.正反馈 positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variabl
14、e, so it promotes a change in one direction.前负荷 preloadPreload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.相对不应期 relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the thresho
15、ld stimulus intensity is higher than usual.复极化 repolarizationShortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is calle
16、d repolarization of the membrane.静息电位 resting potentialThe difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳跃传导 salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve
17、fiber by skipping from node to node.单纯扩散 simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances,moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.钠-钾泵 sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassiu
18、m pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na 乜 out of cells and K乜 into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).凝集 agglutinationDuring blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggreg
19、ated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.血液凝固 blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of
20、 vascular injury.血型 blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substanceson the membrane of red blood cells.血压 blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.交叉配血 cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested ag
21、ainst the donors cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipients cells, this test is called cross-matching test.红细胞沉降率 erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of pla
22、sma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.红细胞生成素 erythropoietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly diss
23、olved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血红蛋白 hemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a
24、 great affinity for oxygen.自动节律性 autorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastro
25、intestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管 capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.心动周期 cardiac cycleThe cardiac events that occur from the beginni
26、ng of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.心指数 cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量 cardiac outputThe product of the frequency of pumping (heart r
27、ate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.心力储备 cardiac reserveThe ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity ofblood above the basal level.心血管中枢 cardiovascular centerThe cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration
28、 of sensory information and subsequentmodification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.中心静脉压 central venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代偿间歇 compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer
29、than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒张压 diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不应期 effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce
30、 action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.射血分数 ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).心电图 electrocardiogramThe synchronized depolariz
31、ations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.交换血管 exchange vesselThe capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endoth
32、elial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.心音 heart soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.异常自身调节 heterometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result o
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