1、编辑高一英语定语从句及练习题1定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 关系代词1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如: The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。 该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。 2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表: 指人
2、 指物 指人或指物 主 格 who which that 宾 格 whom that that 属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose 例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语) He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略) 说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。 3) 关系代词which的先行词可
3、以是一个句子。例如: He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。 说明: 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如: Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。 Hes changed. Hes not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whos
4、e);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。 2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,绝对没有WHAT;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用: 连接作用,引导定语从句。 代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 在定语从句中充当一句子成分。 注:关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。 3.定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词
5、不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子,汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。 4、先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 限定性定语从句一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。eg:This is the book (which)you
6、 want. 2而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 3. 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which: a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时; b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略; c)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时; d)先行词就是序数词或最高级时; e)先行词中既有人又有物时; f)整个句中前面已
7、有which时; g)当先行词为物并作表语时。 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二、关系副词(在句中作状语)关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1
8、. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towe
9、ls, soap, toothbrush etc。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一
10、部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 3.非限制性定语从句还
11、能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物,如果需要用why, 可用fo
12、r which代替.; p.s: which引导非限定性定语从句其后不可省略成分,as可以 关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人. 2. whom指人在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略。(注:who和whom已无太大区别,基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。) (1) Mr. Liu is t
13、he person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我
14、聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. 3. whose通常指人,也可指物在定语从句中做定语。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The cl
15、assroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 4.which指物在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔. 5. that指人时相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come
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