inversion.docx

1、inversion倒装结构1. 倒装谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前。2. 倒装的表现形式引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种： 2.1 在疑问句中 例1：How are you getting along with your work? 例2：Is this report written in detail? 注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。

2、 2.2在there be 及其类似结构中 例1：There are forty students in our class. 例2：There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet. 例3：There stands a bridge across the river. 2.3在表示祝愿的句子中 例1：Long life the Peoples Republic of China! 例2：May you succeed! 例3：Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.

3、 2.4在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中 这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首。 例1：Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 例2：Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided. 2.5在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中 此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况，也适用于另一句中的主语。例如： 1）This

4、 problem is not difficult and neither is that one. 2）Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil. 2.6在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中 这些词和词组通常有：rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如： 1）Visit our stores.

5、Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains. 2）Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang. 3）Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 4）Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience. 2.7在强调表语时 例1：Worst of all were t

6、he humiliations. 例2：Such is the case. 2.8在强调宾语时 例1：Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 例2：Useful chemical fertilizer can we made from the waste liquid. 注：当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。例如： Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a da

7、y did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel. 2.9在强调状语时 （1）当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如： 1）Up went the plane. 2）In came the chairman and the meeting began. 注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如： 1）Out they rushed! 2）Lower and lower he bent. (2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例

8、如： 1）Round the corner walked a large policeman. 2）Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man. （3）当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如： 1）Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 2）Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in

9、 the end. （4）当句首状语为here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then,等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如： 1）Here is a ticket for you. 2）Now comes your turn. 3）Here he comes. （5）以关联词so (that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如： 1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. 2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they

10、were given a bonus. 3）So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night.注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。 2.10在直接引语之后 在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词常的主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如： 1）“What do you mean?” asked Henry.

11、 2）“What do you mean?” he asked. 2.11often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时 例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance. 2.12在as, though引导的让步状语从句中 在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如： 1）Small as the atom is, we can smash it. 2）Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out withno

12、matter how(who);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如： No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.It用法it的用法以及它与one,that的辨析是高考题的热点,应掌握下面的要点。it为特指,代单数可数名词，一般代替一个具体的事物，不带修饰成分。1).代前面出现过的同名同物的东西,如：Whatsthis?在回答时要用Itsapen.不再用Thisisapen.2

13、).在语法上代不定式，动名词，从句等，如：ItisimportanttoreadaloudwhenyoulearnEnglish.学英语是大声朗读是很重要的。Ithinkituselesstalkingwithhim.我想给他谈没有用处。 3).it可用在表示时间、距离、天气、温度等的句子里，没有实在的意义。如：Itisnoisyinthisroom.这个房间太吵了。HowfarisittoNewYork?Its400kilometers.到纽约有多远?有400公里。4).it代做某事情的人,或当性别不明或被认为不重要时，指动物和人,如：Someonehasbrokenthewindow.It

14、hinkitmustbeTomwhodidit.有人打坏了窗户，我想肯定是汤姆干的。Whereisthedog?Itisintheotherroom.狗在哪里？它在另一间房里。5).在疑问句里，it可用来指nothing,everything或all。如：Everythinghasnowbeensaid,hasntit?一切都交待清楚了，对吗？常见短语：seetoitthat注意，留意；关照 thatsit插入语,这正是所需要的 gotit了解,懂得对比：one1).泛指,代前面出现过的同名异物,复数用ones,可用this/that/each/which及形容词.修饰,也可与冠词连用，或带后

15、置定语。如：Hehasnochild,andhewantstoadoptone.他没有孩子，想认养一个。Thenewdictionaryisquiteuseful.Whynotgotobuyoneyourself?这本新字典很有用，你干吗不去给自己买一本？Iwantlargeones,notsmallones. 我要大的，不要小的。Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.一燕不成夏2).one作不定代词时，可以泛指人。意为；“一个人，一种人”可数，如：Oneshoulddoonesduty.人人应该尽责。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward。谦虚使人进步。th

16、at1).代单数可数名词或代不可数名词，只可带后置定语。只能代替物，不能代替人，但复数those，可指人或物。在比较状语从句中，特指前面提到的同一类东西,如：Whatkindofsoupisthat?那是什么汤?ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.北京的人口大于上海。Thosewhodidntpasstheexammuststayhereforawhite.那些考试不及格的（人），要留下一会儿。2).that用于引导定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句,强调句.如：DidyouseetheletterthatIsenthim?你看到我寄给

17、他的信了吗？Heexpressedthehopethatwewouldkeepintouchwithhisfirm.他表示希望我们与他的公司保持联系。Wearegladthatwehavefinishedanotherdifficulttask.我们都感到高兴因为又完成了一项艰巨的任务。ItisMrs.Whitethatmakesthedecisionsinthatfamily.是怀特夫人在家里说了算吗？常见短语：that+adj.:=so+adj.如此,这样,如：IwasthatangryIcouldhavehithim.我十分生气,简直想揍他。Istheproblemthateasy?问题

18、有那么简单吗?thatis:=thatistosay即,就是,换句话说,就是说,更确切地说inthat:由于,因为既然英语强调句小结强调句子的方法有四种：I.倒装结构1.用在以never, hardly, not only, nor, seldom, little, rarely, not until, hardlywhen. no sooner than 等表示否定意义或半否定意义的副词或词组开头的句子中。(1) No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.(2) Not only did Lincoln set the slaves f

19、ree, he also reunited the nation.(3) Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what the heat is .(4) Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.(5) Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.2.表语提前，不仅可以表示强

20、调， 而且可使句子结构达到平衡协调， 使带有较长修饰语 的主语放到句子的后部， 以避免头重脚轻。(6)Such is the little of our home in space when measured up against the total substance of the universe.3.从属连词as, however, though 等可引出强调让步状语从句， 表示非常强烈的对照。(7)Busy as he always is, Bob never refuses to help others.(8)However late she is, mother will wait

21、 for him to have dinner together.4.当only与它所修饰的状语一起位于句首时， 须用倒装语序， only起强调作用。其句形为“only + 状语+ 部分倒装语序”。(9)Only in this way can you make progress in your English.II. It引出强调结构一、 考查强调结构的基本形式强调结构的基本形式是“It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who.”,可以用来强调主语、宾语、状语等,一般不能强调谓语动词。原题再现It is the ability to do the job _ matter

22、s, not where you come from or what you are.A. one B. that C. what D. it答案: B二、 考查一般疑问句的强调结构一般疑问句的强调结构句型为:Is / Was it + 被强调部分 + that / who.?原题再现Was _ that I saw last night at the concert?A. it you B. not you C. you D. yourself答案: A三、考查特殊疑问句的强调结构特殊疑问句的强调结构句型为:特殊疑问词( Who / What / When / Where / Why / H

23、ow.)+is / was it that.?例如:Why was it that Li Lei came late again?这类强调结构置于从句中时应使用陈述语序:The question is who it is that we can trust.原题再现I have always been honest and straight-forward, and it doesnt matter _ Im talking to.A. who is itB. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom答案: B四、 考查对not.until.句式的强调对not.

24、until.句式的强调有固定的句型,即It is / was not until.that.。原题再现It was not _ she took off her dark glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star.A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then答案:B五、 考查强调句型的反意疑问句及回答强调句型的反意疑问句及回答应与It is / was. that.结构保持一致。原题再现 Wasnt it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just no

25、w? _.A. I didnt know he was B. Yes, it was C. No, he wasntD. Yes, he did答案:B六、考查强调结构与其它相似结构的区别强调结构与其它含有it 的结构非常相似,很容易混淆。区别的办法是去掉 It is / was. that .结构后,句子依然成立的是强调结构。原题再现It was evening _ we reached the little town of Winchester. A. that B. until C. sinceD. before答案: DIII.双重否定结构 双重否定结构是由否定词not, never,

26、 nobody, nothing 等与带否定意义的词或词组相配合而构成的。 双重否定即否定的否定， 实质是肯定， 而且语气较为强烈。One is never too old to learn.I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.Without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build our country into a strong and socialist country.Unless

27、 he comes. We wont be able to go.IV. Do(does/did)引出强调句1. 在肯定句的谓语动词之前（通常是现在时和过去时的肯定句），可用助动词do(does/did)来 强调动词,这时谓语动词须用原形动词。Do(does/did)可译成“确实”“的确”。To my great joy, the plant did look exactly like what we were looking for.He does work hard and finish the job in time.2.在肯定的祈使句中，用动词do来加强语气，可译成“务必，一定，千万”

28、Do come and see us some day.Do give her my regards.倒装练习 一、 单选题1. Only when you have obtained sufficient data _ come to a sound conclusion.A. can you B. you can C. would you D. you would2. _ that this region was so rich in natural resources.A. Little he knew B. Little did he know C. Little he did kno

29、w D. Little he had known3. Never again _ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency.A. Alfred E. Smith seriously sought B. seriously Alfred E. Smith soughtC. when did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek D. did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek4. Only in recent years _ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.A. people have B. since people have C. have p