高 英 修 辞.docx

1、高 英 修 辞Lesson 2 1.Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my

2、mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.2). I was again crushed by the thought(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)3). At last the intermezzo came to an end and(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)4). when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me(P15, P. 7, Lines 13)2. al

3、literation（头韵）: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1)the fast train in the world slipped to a stop. 2)I feel sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .3. rhetorical question (反诘句) e.g. 1) Was I not at the scene of th

4、e crime?4. Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the t

5、hing from which it is made (as steel for sword ). 举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）e.g.1) The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of

6、the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)l ittle old Japan: traditional Japanese houses2 )There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated .(synecdoche)5. Metonymy: 换喻 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase

7、 is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”. e.g.1)换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan ad

8、rift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture6. Irony：反语 The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their lite

9、ral meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：正话反说或反话正说以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。e.g. 1）This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)7. Sarcasm讽刺 Sarcasm is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt.e.g. 1）

10、Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan 2）If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if8. Euphemism 委婉语Speak with good words 把话说得好听些，婉转些，使听者感到愉快。e.g. 1）Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly car

11、es. 指尘世的生活现在的痛苦9. Climax: 层进法/渐升A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法e.g. 1）No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 1516, Para. 12, Line

12、s 13) 从没人提它了，到不想提它了，再进为更不想提它了10. Anti-climax: 渐降Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his

13、city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。e.g. 1) seldom has a city gained such world renown(提到广岛的名气，首先想到的是原子弹)and I am proud and happy t

14、o welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.”(p.15)11. Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or likee.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about themLesso

15、n 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche 3. Afte

16、r a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony 4. There is some doubt about that Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm 5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist

17、believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis 6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile 7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his o

18、ratory as he should have. (Para 22) He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23) The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan. Snowball: grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angr

19、ily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card. Metaphor Lesson 6 1. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huch Finns(synecdoche) idyllic cruise through the eternal bo

20、yhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure. (Para.1) Hyperbole 2. I found another Twain as well (Para.1) synecdoche 3. a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a back wall of night. (Para.1) metaphor 4. The geographic core, in Twains ea

21、rly years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nations heart. (Para.3) metaphor 5. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses, cotton, and whisky traveled north. ( Para.3) antithesis 6. the cast

22、of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varieda cosmos (Para.4) alliteration metaphor 7. Steamboats decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. (Para.5) Metaphor 8. For eight months he flirted w

23、ith the colossal wealth available to the lucky and persistent, (Para.5) metaphor 9. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevadas Washoe region. (Para.7) metaphor 10. From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to re

24、gional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. (Para.8) metaphor 11. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. (Para.8) metonymy 12. in the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining th

25、e Territorial Enterprise, he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers. (Para.8) metaphor 13. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing(metonymy) muscles (Para.9) metaphor 14. It was a splendid populationfor all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-b

26、rained sloths stay at home (Para.9) alliteration 15. It was a splendid populationfor all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home (Para.9) alliteration 16. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magn

27、ificent dash and daring (alliteration) and a recklessness of coat or consequences, which she (synecdoche) bears onto this dayand when she projects a new surprise, the grave world( transferred epithet) smiles(personification) as usual, and says Well, this is California all over. (Para.9) 17. Two year

28、s later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the old world. (Para.12) transferred epithet pleasure cruise(metaphor) 18. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. (Para.21) personification 19. America laughed with him. (Para.13) personification and synecdoc

29、he 20. Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. (Para. 13) synecdoche 21. Toms mischievous daring, ingenuity, and sweet innocence of his affection for .( Para.15) transferred epithet 22. Six chapters into Tom Sawyers, he drags in the juvenile pariah. (Para.16) metaphor 23. I hav

30、e tried it, and I dont work; it dont work, Tom. It aint for meThe widder eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a belleverythings so awful regluar body cant stand it.(Para.16) alliteration parallelism repetition 24. Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation. ( Para.17) metaphor

31、 25. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laughed. (Para.21) metaphor 26. Now the gloves came off with biting satire. (Para.21) transferred epithet metaphor 27. dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on mens final release from earthly stru

32、ggles. (Para.22) metaphor 28. where the have left no sign that they had existed a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever. (Para.22) antithesis personification Lesson 141.This changed conviction into certainty. (Para 1) Alliteration 2. I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and policy lay. (Para 1) Litotes 3. I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Para 1) Metaphor 4. I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Comm