高二英语牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译共12页.docx

1、高二英语牛津英语整理模块七课文及翻译共12页Unit 1TV and audio devices: a reviewEarly history of TVThe first public showings of wireless TV transmissions were made in 1925 in the USA and in 1926 in Britain. Later, in 1928,the first long-distance TV broadcast was made between the UK and the USA. Regular public broadcastin

2、g followed shortly after, first beginning on 11May 1928 in New York and in London on 20 August 1929. Many different people contributed to the development of TV. Because of this, it is still uncertain who invented TV. Altogether, three men could be responsible.Vladimir Zworykin, a Russian living in t

3、he USA, Philo Farnsworth, a farm boy from Utah in the USA, and John Logie Baird from Scotland all invented early forms of TV between 1923 and 1927.A few years later, color TV was first shown in 1929. It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for colour broadcasts to begin in the USA. By 196

4、7, most broadcasts were in color and within five years, more colour than black-and-white TV sets were being used.The modern age: cable TV, satellite TV, digital TV, .Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50 years before 66 per cent of American households had it. Satellites were used to broa

5、dcast TV beginning in 1962.Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV because it allows the same services to be delivered with clearer pictures than before. International standards for digital TV were established in 1989 and within five years, consumers in the USA had access to 200 chan

6、nels. By 2004, digital TV signals were being received by 55 per cent of households in Britain.In 1996, a completely new concept was introduced when the first Web TV set-top boxes came onto the market. This combines the TV set with the World Wide Web. With interactive TV programming, you can play alo

7、ng with game shows, respond to questionnaires and chat to other viewers.Early history of audio devicesIt all began in 1877 when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice. Ten years later, the first record player was developed. It was invented by Emile Berliner, a German living in the U

8、SA. At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand and only played a record for two minutes. In 1958, the first LPs (long-play records) came onto the market.Tape recorders and players1931 was the year when a German company began to make the first tape recorders, which could record and pl

9、ay sounds on a tape wound around a round object. In 1948, three American scientists invented the transistor, which is a small electronic device to control an electric current, but they only developed it for military use. Two young Japanese engineers had a better idea. They bought the patent and appl

10、ied the technology to create the transistor radio. In 1954, the invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders. Then, in 1979, the Walkman, a portable pocket-sized cassette tape player, was introduced and became so popular that Walkman was added to the Oxford English Dictio

11、nary in 1986.Sound goes digitalIn 1982, the first CDs (compact discs) produced by using digital technology were made available. In 1986, when the D-50, a portable CD player, was launched, the Discman was born. In the following years, more CD recordings became available, and in 1988, for the first ti

12、me ever, people were demanding more CDs than LPs.The next new development was the MD (MiniDisc) player in1992. This is like a mini CD player but can also record music and is very easy to carry, being very small, as the name mini indicates.Development of MP3 technology started in 1987 in Germany and

13、since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3has increased to such a degree that major corporations are taking over the portable music player market with MP3 players. They are the next step on from the Walkman, Discman and MD player. Because of the popularity of MP3 players, music websites have

14、 sprung up all over the Internet offering MP3 music for people to purchase. 1. Who might be the inventor(s) of the first TV? A. Vladimir Zworykin from Russia. B. Philo Farnsworth from the USA. C. John Logie Baird from Scotland. D. All the three above.2. The passage mentions _ country/countries which

15、 has/have put digital TV into operation by 2004. A. only one B. two C. three D. at least four3. Who might have attributed to the development of the Walkman? A. Two Japanese engineers. B. Three American scientists. C. Thomas Edison. D. Emile Berliner.4. What is the main factor that causes the spring

16、up of music websites all over the Internet? A. The popularity of Walkman. B. The development of the MD player. C. The development of MP3 technology. D. The wide use of Discman.5. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D. (T=title =subtitle 1 =subtitle2 =subtitle 3 =

17、subtitle 4 =subtitle 5)Unit 2 Two Life-saving medicinesThis article will focus on two medicines that have changed peoples lives. If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin. Both of these medicines have saved millions of pe

18、oples lives since they were invented.ASPIRINThe date that aspirin was invented is given by medical historians as 1897,but in fact, 3,500years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains. About 2,500years ago, the Greek physician

19、Hippocrates, father of all doctors, made a juice from the bark of a kind of tree to reduce fever and pain. The active chemical in this juice (salicylic acid) helped stop the pain. It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann produced acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) from some other chem

20、icals to make a medicine for his father. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899 when the company Hoffmann worked for began giving the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops as a tablet containing 500milligrams of ASA

21、. This is one of the first medicines in the world ever to be sold as a standardized tablet. In 1950, aspirin appeared in the Guinness Book of Records as the best-selling painkiller.Not only has aspirin saved many peoples lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things

22、that aspirin can help with. Lawrence craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood. The report was ignored. However, in 1971,Smith and Willis from the UK proved

23、 that aspirin was a blood-thinning medicine, and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked. Eleven years later, Dr Thun from the USA showed t

24、hat ASA could reduce the risk of colon cancer by 40 per cent. In 1999, aspirin was 100 years old and yet there have been more discoveries on how it can help increase the length of peoples lives. In 2003, a Chinese doctor, Dr Yuan Minsheng, found that ASA could reduce blood sugar levels and, therefor

25、e, help people with diabetes.PENICILLINAnother drug that has helped increase the standard of peoples health is penicillin. This bacteria-killing medicine is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in contemporary society. It was discovered by a Scottish scientist named Alexander

26、 Fleming in 1928. He noted that mould had grown on a special transparent jelly that had bacteria on it. He saw that the mould had killed them. Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium and found that it killed the bacterium too. He immediately thought that this application might help in trea

27、ting wounds and illnesses caused by bacteria. He named the chemical found in the mould penicillin and tried to make it pure to be a medicine, but was unable to do that. Fleming did not give up. However, it was not until World War II that two other scientists, Howard Florey (Australian) and Ernst Cha

28、in (German born English) managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it. They were able to produce it in large quantities. Their new drug was needed immediately because of the war, so mass production started quickly. Due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during World Wa

29、r II. It was a dream come true. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds. Penicillin is also used to treat other illnesses including pneumonia, an illness that affects the lungs. So, although Fleming discovered penicillin, it was

30、 over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great drug of the 20th century.In 1945, all the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work, and penicillin rapidly became the powerful wonder drug which saved millions of l

31、ives.1. We learn from the passage that the trial use of aspirin in powder form may date back to _. A. 2500 years ago B. 3,500 years ago C. 1897 D. 18992. Aspirin has been recognized as the best-selling painkiller by the world _. A. for fewer than 50 years B. since 3,500 years ago C. for more than 50

32、 years D. ever since it was put onto the market3. Various researches and reports show that aspirin can be used in at least _ different ways in medical treatment. A. five B. four C. three D. six4. Penicillin was discovered in _ and saved many lives in _. A. 1914; World War I B. 1928; World War II C. 1929; Vietnam War D. 1945; World War II5. Penicillin can be used to treat all of the following except _. A. pneumonia B. wounds caused by bacteria C. d