1、硕士研究生考试英语一试题及解析2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishResearch on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit f
2、ly to live shorter lives. This suggests that bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual instead of instinct. Plent
3、y of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to .Is there an adaptive value to intelligence? Thats the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly
4、asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. This is the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.
5、we believe that animals ran the labs, they would test us to the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really , not merely how much of it there is. , they would hope to study a question: Are humans actually aware of t
6、he world they live in? the results are inconclusive.1. A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine2. A tended B feared C happened D threatened3. A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer4. A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority5. A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward6. A off B behind
7、C over D along7. A incredible B spontaneous C inevitable D gradual8. A fight B doubt C stop D think9. A invisible B limited C indefinite D different10. A upward B forward C afterward D backward11. A features B influences C results D costs12. A outside B on C by D across13. A deliver B carry C perfor
8、m D apply14. A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance15. A if B unless C as D lest16. A moderate B overcome C determine D reach17. A at B for C after D with18. A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise19. A fundamental B comprehensiveC equivalent D hostile20. A By accident B In time C
9、 So far D Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on aut
10、o-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits i
11、n the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But dont bother trying to kill off
12、 old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, says Dawna Markov
13、a, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. She adds, however, that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always ex
14、ploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and inn
15、ovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently us
16、e our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything, explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will. and Ms. Markovas business partner. Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness
17、. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being _.A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be _A. p
18、redicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23. ruts(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to _A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markovas comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnes
19、sC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise fathe
20、r that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PT
21、Ks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $
22、2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing s
23、aliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New York University
24、 sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.
25、This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good
26、 as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the result
27、s. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTKs _.A easy availabilityB flexibility in pricingC successful promotionD popularity with households27. PTK is
28、 used to _.A locate ones birth placeB promote genetic researchC identify parent-child kinshipD choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.A trace distant ancestorsB rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic informationD achieve the claimed accura
29、cy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _.A disorganized data collectionB overlapping database buildingC excessive sample comparisonD lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.A Fors and Againsts of DNA testingB DNA testin
30、g and Its problemsC DNA testing outside the labD lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intel
31、lectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have
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