英语写作手册英文版知识点.docx

1、英语写作手册英文版知识点Part One Manuscript FormYou should do everything - writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing. Arrangement排版 Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compou

2、nd words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives. Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters. Word Division移行 The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables. Pay a

3、ttention to the following: One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided. Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone, trick. y. Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning

4、 of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in. Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten. Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re. ally. Do not divide the last word on a page.

5、Instead, write the whole word on the next page. Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing. Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter. Dividing words is n

6、ot always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionary. Capitalization大写Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names. Punctuation标点V. Handwriting书法Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily. Part Two Diction措词. Levels of

7、Words词的类型The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and informal.Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or big words. They mainly appear in formal writing, most of them are seldom used in daily conversati

8、on, except for special purposes.those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing., they are called common words. There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their main use is to record peop

9、les thoughts and dialogues. They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin We may call them informal wordsSlang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker sound offensive

10、 or funny. The Meaning of Words词义The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A words denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it. General and Specific Words泛指词和特指词Specific words help to make writin

11、g clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. . Idioms习语An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it. Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to mak

12、e ones language sound natural and idiomatic. Figures of Speech修辞Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively. 1. Simile明喻 It is a com

13、parison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.2. Metaphor暗喻 It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. 3. Personification拟人 It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or ha

14、d human qualities. In poetry personification is very common:In prose personification is also used, though not so often as in poetry.4. Metonymy转喻 It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. 5. Synecdoche提喻 When a part is substituted for the whole

15、 or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied6. Euphemism委婉语 It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.7. Irony反语 It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. 8. Overstatement and u

16、nderstatement夸大和缩小 In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.9. Transferred

17、Epithet移位修饰 An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun. 10. Oxymoron矛盾修辞法 In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combi

18、ned to produce a special effect.11. Alliteration押头韵 It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.Alliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect - to join two or more related words.Part Three The Sentence. Complete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsA

19、 grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement:A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period

20、. Types of Sentences1. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory SentencesAccording to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sen

21、tence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesAccording to their structure sentences are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.A simple sentence has only one subject and one pr

22、edicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A sentence with two or more subjects or predicate-verbs A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction (and

23、, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clauses, with a connect

24、ive word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As a rule, the major idea is expressed in the main clause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in the subordina

25、te clauses.A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause - a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Short simple sentences are often used to make emphatic or important statements, such as the first sentence of the first passage and the las

26、t two sentences of the second passage.Long complex sentences express complex ideas clearly and accurately.3. Loose, Periodic, and Balanced SentencesFrom a rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose, periodic, or balanced. A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; T

27、he reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and di

28、rect; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions.Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses simila

29、r in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.4. Short and Long SentencesShort se

30、ntences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the des

31、cription of things with many details.Various sentence structures have been discussed. The basic principle is that the structure should fit the idea being expressed. In other words, the idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way round. Effective Sentences1. UnityUnity is the first

32、 quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. 2. CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. 3. ConcisenessA sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better. Repetition is sometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition, either of the same words or of different words with the sa