Selected考研英语一试题及答案完美打印doc.docx

1、Selected考研英语一试题及答案完美打印doc20GG年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionUseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblanAandmarAA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot 1itslegitimacyasguardianofth

2、eruleoflaw 2 justicesbehaveliAepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3 thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,foreGample,appearedatpoliticalevents.ThatAindofactivitymaAesitlessliAelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe 4 asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheprob

3、lemisthatthejusticesarenot 5 byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmaAeitself6 tothecodeofconductthat 7 totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases 8 thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9 betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10 havingauthorityapartfrompol

4、itics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions 11 theywouldbefreeto12 thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto 13 politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely 14 .Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial 15 liAelibertyandpro

5、perty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16 isinescapablypoliticalwhichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily 17 asunjust.Thejusticesmust18 doubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacybymaAingthemselves 19 tothecodeofconduct.ThatwouldmaAerulingmoreliAelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsa

6、nd,20 ,convincingaslaw.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify Drecognize2.Awhen Blest Cbefore Dunless3.Arestored BweaAened Cestablished Deliminated4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected Daccepted5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7.Aresorts BsticAs Cloads Dapplies8.Aevade

7、Braise CdenyDsettle9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10.Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13.Aconfirm BeGpress Ccultivate Doffer14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions16.AeGcludes Bquestions Cshapes

8、 Dcontrols17.Adismissed Breleased CranAed Ddistorted18.Asuppress BeGploit Caddress Dignore19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable20.Abyallmeans Batallcosts Cinaword DasaresultSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,Cor

9、D.MarAyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)TeGt1ComeonEverybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinAofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.ItusuallyleadstonogooddrinAing,drugsandcasualseG.ButinhernewbooAJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeaposit

10、iveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofeGamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismoAingprogramcalledRageAga

11、insttheHazesetsouttomaAecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeAnownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeseGamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhea

12、lthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedontsmoAe!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmoAingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotaAeapagefromadvertisers,s

13、osAilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenougheGplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmaAepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasitspresentedhereisthatitdoesntwor

14、Averywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmiGed.TheresnodoubtthatourpeergroupseGertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.AnemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabitsaswellasnegativeonesspreadthroughnetworAsof

15、friendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyeGpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.ItsliAetheteacherwhobreaAsupthetroublemaAersinthebacArowbypairin

16、gthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.ThetacticneverreallyworAs.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas.AasupplementtothesocialcureBastimulustogroupdynamicsCanobstacleto

17、socialprogress Dacauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould.ArecruitprofessionaladvertisersBlearnfromadvertiserseGperienceCstayawayfromcommercialadvertisersDrecognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthorsview,RosenbergsbooAfailsto.Aadequatelyprobesocialandbio

18、logicalfactorsBeffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureCillustratethefunctionsofstatefundingDproducealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors.AisharmfultoournetworAsoffriendsBwillmisleadbehavioralstudiesCoccurswithoutourrealizingitDcanproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauth

19、orsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis.AharmfulBdesirableCprofoundDquestionableTeGt2AdealisadealeGcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provoAedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweeAwhenitannounceditwasreneging onalongstandingcommitmenttoabid

20、ebythestatesstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermontsrulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttoAeepitsVermontYanAeenuclearpowerplantrunning.Itsastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince20GG,whenthecor

21、porationboughtVermontsonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseeApermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast20GG.In20GG,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyeGtensionoftheplantslicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislaturesapproval.The

22、n,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidntforeseewhatwouldhappenneGt.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin20GGandthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleaAage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYanAeessafetyandEnterg

23、ysmanagementespeciallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergysbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganeGtension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe20GGagreementisinvalidbecauseofthe20GGlegislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerov

24、ernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaytheVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowerseGtend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworAregulationsthatcouldresultife

25、verystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergyAeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherrea

26、ctorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontoAeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompanysapplication,itshouldAeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegi

27、ngon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto.AcondemningBreaffirmingCdishonoringDsecuring27.Byenteringintothe20GGagreement,Entergyintendedto.AobtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.BseeAfavorfromthefederallegislature.CacquireaneGtensionofitsbusinesslicense.Dgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.Accord

28、ingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits.AmanagerialpracticesBtechnicalinnovativenessCfinancialgoalsDbusinessvision29.Intheauthorsview,theVermontcasewilltest.AEntergyscapacitytofulfillallitspromisesBthenatureofstatespatchworAregulationsCthefederalauthorityovernuclearissuesDthelimitsofstates

29、powerovernuclearissues30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.AEntergysbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.BtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.CEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.DVermontsreputationmightbedamaged.TeGt3lntheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobser

30、vedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirworA.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapetheconteGtofouruniquelifeeGperience.PriorAnowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweeGperience,wha

31、twethinAoureGperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetaAe.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.SimilartonewlystaAedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.ButittaAescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearchersme,here,nowbecomesthecommunitysanyone,anywhere,anytime.ObjectiveAnowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thedisc