高中语法讲义.docx

1、高中语法讲义 高中语法讲义 编者:石的红如何学好语法一. 如何学好语法理论知识语法理论知识包括词法和句法1如何学习词法词法包括词与词之间的搭配关系、词在某种情况下的变化形式。对不同意图的表达产生出名词，主要是对不同的物体进行区别和描述。对名词进行重新界定和描述的词：形容词、动词（描述名词的性质和状态）用副词来描述和修饰形容词，同时，副词也可以修饰动词的性质和状态 动词的作用和功能：是描述和修饰名词的 名词的作用和功能：是在句子中被描述和被修饰的，通常被称为主语 尽量想事物的来源与起源2如何学习句法中文和英文在句法上的区别：一致性一致性：两个或多个物体在性质或数量上相同或者相符英文的句子中体现出

2、了这种一致性，一致性是英文句法的核心部分中文句子没有这样的一致性举例：I hope Jay can come to Beijing.It hopes Jay can come to Beijing. (主谓一致)谓语动词是用来描述和修饰主语性质和状态的，形式必须和主语形式相一致，这就是主谓一致I hope Beethoven could come to Beijing.动词的形式必须和动作的真假性保持一致，这叫做虚拟语气动词的形式必须和动作发生的时间保持一致，叫做时态句子的个数和它所包含的谓语动词的个数要保持一致，这样产生了主从复合句和非谓语动词谓语动词的顺序和它所强调的顺序要保持一致，这样带

3、来倒装或强调二. 如何根据理论知识进行作题 例如对红外线和紫外线的分辨句法基础知识一 简单句的结构特点1简单句的基本形式在简单句中动词是最重要的fly : I fly.（主谓结构）love : I love you.（主谓宾）am : I am ugly.（主系表）give : I give you money. （主谓间宾直宾）make : Loneliness makes you happy.（主谓宾宾补） 分三个层次对以上各句进行系统分析1） 主谓 / 主谓宾2） 主谓宾 / 主系表3） 主谓间宾直宾 / 主谓宾宾补1）. 主谓 / 主谓宾I fly.（主谓结构）I love you.（

4、主谓宾）不及物动词是指能够独立而完整的描述主语的性质和状态的动词句子的构成：由被描述成分和描述成分构成及物动词是指不能够独立而完整的描述主语的性质和状态的动词宾语是指动作的作用对象2.） 主谓宾 / 主系表 I love you.（主谓宾）I am ugly.（主系表）在判断主系表结构时，注意要先判断表语。表语就是直接表述主语性质和状态的非动词predicate 谓语 predicative 表语联系动词简称系动词，系动词没有起太多的实际意义，其最大作用是标志句子的存在。在这样的句子中，表意的主要是主语和表语。因为系动词不是主语所发出的动作，所以没有语态的分别。例题：The bike is r

5、idden well. ( ride ) well adv. 修饰动词或形容词 自行车被骑得很好。 The bike rides good. ( ride ) good adj. 只能修饰名词 自行车骑起来很好。3）. 主谓间宾直宾 / 主谓宾宾补give : I give you money. （主谓间宾直宾）make : Loneliness makes you happy.（主谓宾宾补）I buy you a book. （主谓间宾直宾） 我给你买了一本书Loneliness makes you happy.（主谓宾宾补）I buy you a book. I 主语buy 谓语you 动

6、作完成之后的受益者，叫做间接宾语a book 谓语的作用对象，真正的宾语，叫做直接宾语I buy a book for you. 结构：主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾对这两种结构的区别方式：看句子能否写成 主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾Loneliness makes you happy.Loneliness 主语makes 谓语you 宾语happy 修饰 you ，补充说明宾语性质和状态的成分被称为宾语补足语定语是宾语本身所具有的状态，而宾语补足语是谓语动词作用之后的结果对这两种结构的区别方式：看句子能否写成 主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾看后面的成分是不是宾语的性质和状态2定语和状语I love you.

7、在十年之前，在新东方的一个漆黑的教室里，丑陋无比的我爱上了美若天仙的你。在十年之前 时间状语在新东方的一个漆黑的教室里 地点状语丑陋无比的 / 美若天仙的 定语定语是形容词性的，修饰名词；状语是副词性的，在句子中修饰动词二 复合句例如：中文：古巴比伦王颁布了汉莫拉比法典，刻在黑色的玄武岩之上3700多年。英语句子的个数必须和它谓语动词的个数保持一致。按照英语语法来看，这个句子产生了谓语重叠的现象。因此在两句中要加连接词。在连接词后面的句子被称为从句，在连接词前面的句子被称为主句。推理：任何一个复杂的句子，其谓语动词的个数减去从句连接词的个数，必然为1。连接词的种类：1. 并列连词并列复合句2.

8、 从属连词主从复合句例如：I dont know why I love you.三 从句的特点1. 从句整体必须是完整的句子2. 从句的整体充当主句的某个成分，充当什么成份就叫什么从句3. 跟在连接词后面的是从句，并且从句必须包括连接词在内从句的学习方法1. 弄清句子成份2. 弄清连接词句子成份主谓宾表定状补注意：从句不能充当谓语 补语是补充说明的，因此从句也不充当补语。主（n.）谓宾（n.）表（n.）定（adj.）状（adv.）补名词性从句：主语从句 / 宾语从句 / 表语从句形容词性从句：定于从句副词性从句：状语从句定语从句一定语从句的连接词1. 关系代词：that, as, which,

9、 who, whom, whose2. 关系副词：when, where, why造句：我喜欢这个城市。I like the city.这是我喜欢的城市。This is the city which I like. 如何写出这些句子1写主句 句子主干是：这是城市 英文主句：This is the city 结论：中文的主干就是英文的主句。当翻译任何一个中文句子的时候，第一步要找到中文句子的主干，写成主句。2. 写从句。a. 把疑问词当作已知事物，把整个句子写成陈述句b. 把疑问词提到句首，其他完全不变例如：When will you go? 写成陈述句 You will go when / Y

10、ou when will go 把疑问词提到句首 when you will go3. which 属于关系代词，充当从句的宾语，宾语是名词词性，因此 which 代替名词存在，简称为代名词，省略称之为代词4. the city 被叫做先行词。先行词是主句中被定语从句所修饰的词，它在结构上充当定于关系代词的内容造句：我住在这个城市。 I live in the city.这是我所住的城市。 This is the city in which I live.This is the city where I live.where I live 的特点：在句子中做定语正确的语序是 I live wh

11、ere (地点状语)对比：This is the city where I live.This is the city which I like.共同点：which 和 where 在从句中做成份，翻译成中文都相当于“.的”注意：关系代词在从句中的意义是由先行词决定；关系副词在从句中的意义也是由先行词决定，但是必须先把关系副词拆成 介词+关系代词此处翻译成“.的”表明不具有实际意义，仅仅是起定语标志的作用。它们作为“.的”的意思时，在整个句子的翻译中存在，在从句中分别有其他意思。that 既可以充当 which，也可以充当 who。 who、whom、whose、as造句：Z is a wom

12、an who loves you. who 做主语S is a woman who you love. who 做宾语S is a woman whom you love. whom 做宾语She is a woman whom TT loves.I hate the woman who loves TT.who 的格应该由从句中的成份来定，而与先行词在主句中的成份没有关系。Z is such a woman as loves you.注意：先行词前如果有 such 的话，who 要改成 as。whose 和先行词之间存在归属关系（whose=the X of which/whom） when

13、、whyThis is the minute in which we live together.This is the minute when we live together.Romance is the reason for which she loves him.Romance is the reason why she loves him. 做题方法对比出题特点：对于复合句的题目而言，一般空出的是连接词结论：定语从句的主句都是完整的从句部分完整则加上关系副词，不完整就要加上关系代词。 定语从句的特殊点一、在有些情况下只能用 that 作关系代词1. 当先行词被不定代词修饰或本身就是不

14、定代词时,不定代词是指没有明确的指代，如 someone, anyone, some, any2. 当先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时3. 当先行词本身是数词或被序数词修饰时4. 当先行词中既包括人也包括物时 This is the city that I like.二、不能用 that 的情况1. 当在从句中关系代词前有介词时2. 当关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时I like the city which I live in. - I like the city that I live in.The plan is going on which I presented. - The plan i

15、s going on that I presented.非限定性定语从句：对先行词没有性质上的限定，仅仅是补充说明而已。三、as 的用法1. as 引导限定性定语从句，只能指代主句中的某个先行词，必须与 such as / as many as / as much as / the same as 搭配使用。2. as 引导非限定性定语从句，只能指代整个主句，引导的从句可以放在主句之前、之中、或者之后。注意：以上各点中，逗号之间的部分必须同时成立Z is such a woman as loves you.As is known to all, the earth is round.- The

16、 earth is round, as is known to all.- The earth, as is known to all, is round.3. which 引导非限定性定语从句的时候，可能指代整个主句，也可能指代主句中的某个先行词，which 引导非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。且有时可以作定语 It might snow this weekend ,in which case we wont go to Beijing. 注意问题1The sameas 强调“相同”， the samethat强调“同一”。She wore the same dress as her si

17、ster wore.She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.2先行词在定语从句中不能重复出现 This is the book that I borrowed (it) yesterday.3. 定语从句与强调句型的区别： 1）强调句型中的it是引导词，本身没意义，如去掉it is/wasthat句子仍完整；定语从句中的it是指示代词，做主句的主语，如去掉it is/wasthat，句子不完整。2）在强调句中被强调部分还可以是介词短语、副词或从句；而定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词或名词短语。4定语从句与同位语从句的区别：

18、1）定语从句对先行词起限定作用，同位语从句等同与它所修饰的名词，起补充说明作用2）定语从句中的that充当某个句子成分，同位语从句中的that只起连接作用；定语从句中that作宾语时可省略，同位语从句中不能省略。It is a fact (that) you cant deny.It is a fact that she has done her best.判断方法：去掉，看从句是否完整，完整的为同位语从句，否则为定语从句做题方法总结：1 答案为明确的关系代词或副词，直接判断选择（两步）1） 判断从句是否完整，确定选关系代词还是副词（介词+关代）2） 看先行词，是人（who/whom/）、物(

19、which)、只能用that ；时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(why)2 答案不是一个简单的连词，采用代入法：将答案中的关系代词换成其指代的先行词，看搭配关系3 特殊技巧：1） 答案中有as，最优先考虑：限定性从句固定搭配，非限定性从句放在句首2） 排除as，优先考虑that，有“，”停住，非限定不能用3） 介词+关代词，将关代词换成先行词，看介词与先行词的搭配关系4） 在考从句时，有些动词时不及物的：talk/work有些是及物的:visit/spend/say/know/understand/remember/forget5） 注意谓语重叠现象6） 当主句不完整时，须首先将主

20、句补充完整7） 从句在主句中时，怎样找从句：从句在主句谓语动词前结束8） 先行词为 the way 意为某人做某事的方式”，定语从句的三种形式：A. the way in which sb do sth B. the way that sb do sth C. the way sb do sth习题讲解1. The English play _ my student acted as the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which2. The factory pr

21、oduces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% _are sold abroad . Aof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that3. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A where B which C when D that4. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.

22、A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom5. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. A. when B. where C. what D. which6. Jack said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which7. Dorothy was always

23、speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy A. who B. which C. this D. what8. _ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It9. After living in the big city for fifty years he returned to the small

24、 village _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when10. Give it to _ you like.A. whom B. whoever C. who D. when11. The manager had to go to Beijing on business on June 23, _happened to be his only sons birthday.A. when B. which C. that D. while12. Each player of chess is trying to tra

25、p the other players king into a position _ escape is impossible. A. when B. that C. in which D. from which13. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A. that B. which C. while D. when14. We will go to the countryside at

26、the beginning of June, _ the summer harvest will start.A. if B. when C. which D. while15. Mr. Green will come to the party on Sunday,_ he promised to every one of us.A. when B. that C. where D. which16. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of w

27、hich C. its price D. the price of whose17. I shall never forget those years_ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who18. Can you tell me the name of the factory_ you visited last week?A. what B. where C. / D.

28、when19. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.A. / B. in that C. which D. of which20. The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing_ I have said. A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that21. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons

29、 _ none of us has ever heard of. A. which B. who C. whom D. that22. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it23. _ was expected, he failed in the exam.A. that B. as C. which D. it24. I can never forget the day_ we worked together and the day_ we spent together.A.

30、 when;which B.which;when C. what; that D. on which; when25. The children climbed up the hill, _ they picnicked.A. on its top B. on the top of itC. on whose top D. on the top of that26. I still remember the day_ I first came to the college.A. on which B. in which C. at which D. when27. He makes good

31、use of the time_ he can spare.A. when B. that C. on which D. in which28. The factory_ his mother works is in the east of the city.A. that B. which C. on which D. in which29. The place_ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. which B. where C. what D. in which30. That is the reason_ he wasnt here yesterday.A. why B. which C. on which D. in which31. That is the reaso