不定式完成式tohavedone用法.docx

1、不定式完成式tohavedone用法情态动词+have done用法 1. Something may have happened to her. 她可能发生了什么事情。 She might have had an accident. 她或许遭受了意外. So she must have taken that too. 因此,她肯定把它也带走了。 1) 这三句话都用了“情态动词+不定式的完成时”,表示对发生过的事作某种猜测、推测。 (1) must have done 可用来对某件过去的事情作肯定推测,表示“一定已经,想必已经”做过某事,用于肯定的陈述句中。否定句中用cant have don

2、e。 She must have received the parcel, I sent it by registered post. 她一定已经收到包裹了,我是用挂号寄的。 (2) may have done, might have done, could have done “可能做过某事”,就语气而言could have done 所表的可能性更小些。 He may / might / could have left by nine. 他可能于九点前已离去。 (3) should have done / ought to have done表示“本该做某事”但实际未做。 I should

3、 / ought to have left London before nine but I didnt. 我本该在九点以前离开伦敦,但是我没有。 (4) shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done 表示“本不该做事”,但实际上又做了。 He shouldnt / oughtnt to have left London before nine but he did. 他本不该在九点前离开伦敦,但是他离开了。 (5) cant / couldnt have done 表否定推测,“不可能做过某事”。 She cant / couldnt have gone

4、 to bed, for the light in her room is still on. 她不可能上床睡觉了,因为她房间的灯还亮着。 (6) could have done 可表示客观上“本来能做某事但实际上没做”。 He could have finished the work in time but he didnt work hard. 他本来可以按时干完活的,但他没有卖力。 (7) neednt have done 表示客观上“本不必做某事但实际上又做了”。 I neednt have gone to the office yesterday (but I went there)

5、. 昨天我没必要去办公室(但我却去了)。 (8) might have done 还可表示过去“本可能发生但实际上没有发生的动作”。用于表示说话人对已发生的事提出批评或意见。 He might have given more help, even though he was very busy. 即使他很忙,也可以多帮点忙。 情态动词+ 动词完成式即“情态动词+ 动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + done”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。这个结构是近几年高考情态动词的重点和难点。 一、在虚拟语气中的用法 1. should have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”

6、其否定结构shouldnt have done 表示“过去本不该做某事却做了。” 2. ought to have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”其否定结构oughtnt to have done 表示“过去本不该做某事却做了。” 3. need have done 表示“过去本有必要做某事却未做。”其否定结构neednt have done 表示 “过去本没必要做某事却做了。” 4. could (不能用can) have done 表示“过去本能够做某事却未做。”注意:其否定形式couldnt have done 没有虚拟语气的用法,couldnt have done 只能表推

7、测,相当于cant have done,意为:“过去不可能做了某事。” 5. might (不能用may) have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。”注意:其否定形式might not have done 没有虚拟语气的用法,might not have done 只能表推测,相当于may not have done,意为:“过去可能没有做某事。” 二、表推测的用法 1. must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测,译为:过去肯定做了某事。不存在mustnt have done 的形式。其否定或疑问形式须用can(could) 来表示. 例如:Since the road

8、 is wet, it must have rained last night. 既然路是湿的,那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。 He cant have missed the way. I drew him a map. 他不可能迷路。我(当时)给他画了张图。“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”词典不见了,(过去)谁可能把它拿走了? 2. may / might have done may / might have done 表示“过去可能做了某事”。may 比might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。may/might

9、not have done表示“过去可能没有做某事。”例如:I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把他们落在学校了。John may/might not have passed the exam; he looks very sad.约翰可能没有通过考试。他看起来很忧伤。注意:may/might have done表推测不能用于疑问句中。 3. can/could have done 表推测一般用在否定句和疑问句中,表示不相信或怀疑的态度。 Can/Co

10、uld he have passed the exam?他可能通过了考试吗? I think that he couldnt/cant have gone abroad. I saw him just now.我认为他不可能出国了。我刚才还看见他了。 注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must 最大,could 其次,may 更次之,might 最小。例如:“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”“我想知道汤姆是怎么知道你的过去的。”“He must / could / may / might have heard of it

11、 from Mary.”“他肯定/很可能/可能/兴许(没准儿)已从玛丽那儿听说此事了。” 高考“情态动词+have done”考点解析 安徽省萧县中学梁静渊 “情态动词+have done”结构是高考重要考点,也是较难掌握的语法项目之一,为了帮助同学们更好地掌握使用这一考点,下面结合近年高考试题谈谈其主要用法。 考点之一:在虚拟条件句中,如果表示与过去事实相反的情况,从句中用过去完成时,而主句中则用“情态动词+现在完成时”,即:would/ could/ should/ might have done。例如: If they had finished the work on time, the

12、y would have been praised by the manager. If you had worked hard, you could have passed the examination. 高考题分析: 1. If it _ for the snow, we _ the mountain yesterday. ( MET91) A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb 2. - I st

13、ayed at a hotel while in New York. - Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara. (NMET98) A. could have stay B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stay 3. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she _ something she would regret later.( 96上海) A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said

14、答案简析: 1. 根据信息词yesterday可以判断该句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,从句中应该用“情态动词+现在完成时”,故答案选C。 2. 本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句,意思是:If you hadnt stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况,答案选A。 3. 本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气,意思是:如果她参加了讨论,她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况,故答案选D。 考点之二:must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推

15、测判断,语气较强,意思是“一定、肯定”。其否定形式分别用cant/ couldnt 和can/ could。例如: It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨天晚上一定是下雨了,因为今晨地面是潮湿的。 She didnt attend the lesson yesterday. She must have been ill. 她昨天没有上课,她一定是生病了。 巩固练习: He _ have completed his work, otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying h

16、imself by the seaside. (05北京26题) A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant This cake is very sweet. You _ a lot of sugar in it. (05辽宁26题) A. Should put B. could have put C. might put D. must have put - Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today? - Something _ to him. ( 05江西22题 A. must happen B. s

17、hould have happened C. could have happened D. must have happened I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _ at least 150 kilometers an hour. ( 05重庆33题) A. should have been doing B. must have been doing C. could have done D. would have done I _ have been more than s

18、ix years old when the accident happened.( 05天津14题) A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt - Do you know where David is? I couldnt find him anywhere. (05 湖北32题) A. shouldnt B. mustnt C. cant D. wo uldnt 1. I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep. (MET 89) A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. s

19、hould have been 2. - I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didnt recogniz e the voice. - On, it _ my brother, Peter. A. must be B. must have been C. can have been D. might be 答案简析: 1. 关键词是didnt,说明动作发生在过去,所以是对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。故答案选B。 2. 本句的意思是:我昨天朝你家里打的电话。是对过去情况的推测判断,应该用must have done结构。故答案选B。

20、 三、may/ might have done也用于对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断,但语气稍弱,意思是“可能,或许”。例如: She didnt get there in time. She may have missed the bus. 她没能及时到达那儿。她可能没赶上汽车。 He didnt come to school today. He might have been ill. 他今天没来上课,他可能病了。 巩固练习: 1. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep agai

21、n.( 2000春) A. might B. should C. can D. will 2. The window was broken. Tom _ have done that, for he was a little naughty. A. could B. might C. should D. ought to 3. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. (1996 上海) A. had said B. said C. mi

22、ght say D. might have said 答案简析: 这三句表达的都是对过去已经发生过的情况的推测判断,意思是“可能、或许”,应该用may/might have done结构。答案分别选ABD。 三、如果对过去情况推测判断的句子是疑问句和否定句,只能用can/could 和cant,/couldnt。例如: He cant have gone abroad; I saw him an hour ago. 他不可能去国外,我一个小时前还见到他呢。 - Can he have passed the exam? - No, he cant have. He didnt work hard

23、. 他通过考试了吗?不,他不可能通过考试。他学习不努力。 巩固练习: 1.- There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. - It _ a comfortable journey. (MET95) A. cant be B. shouldnt be C. mustnt have been D. couldnt have been 2.My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he _ your lecture. (20

24、02 上海) A. couldnt have attended B. neednt have attended C. mustnt have attended D. shouldnt have attended 3. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who _ have taken it? (2003 上海春招) A. should B. must C. could D. would 4. I didnt see her in the meeting-room this morning. She _ at the meeting.

25、(1995 上海) A. mustnt have spoken B. shouldnt have spoken C. neednt have spoken D. couldnt have spoken 答案简析: 1、根据They were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.一句中的时态,应该是对过去情况的推测判断,因为车上已经有5位人了,在带上我一个,可以断定这一定是一次不舒适的旅行。所以,本句表达的是对过去否定的推测判断,应该用cant/ could have done来表达。故答案选D。

26、 2、根据句意“我妹妹昨天在大剧院见过他”,所以,一定是对过去已经发生的否定的判断,答案选A。 3、本句表达的是对过去发生过的情况的疑问,所以应该用could have done,答案选C。 4、本句表达的是过去已发生情况否定的推测判断,应该用couldnt have done,故答案选D。 四、含有must/ may/ might表示对过去情况推测判断的句子,如果变成反意疑问句,反意疑问句中动词应与情态动词must等后的动词形式保持一致,用一般过去时或现在完成时。例如: He must have been living here for years, hasnt he? 他一定是在这儿住了好

27、几年了,是吗? You cant have slept well last nigh t, did you? 你昨天晚上没睡好,是不是? 巩固练习: 1: Great changes must have taken place in the village in the past few years, _ they? A. mustnt B. havent they C. cant D. didnt 2. He must have lived a happy a few years ago, _ he? A. didnt B. hasnt C. mustnt D. cant 答案简析: 1.

28、含有must表示推测判断的句子,其反意疑问句的动词形式应与must后动词时态保持 一致。可以理解成如果不表示推测判断,该句应该说成:Great changes have taken place in the village in the past few year. 变成反意疑问句后应该说成:Great changes have take place in the past few years, havent the y? 所以,该题选B。 2. 本句中must后的动词形式应为did,所以,反意疑问句的动词应为didnt。故答案选A。 五、should/ ought to have done表

29、示“本来应该做的,而实际上没有做的事情”,其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”,含有责备的意思。例如: The flowers have died. I should have watered them often. 这些花儿都死了。我本来应该常给他们浇水的。(其实没浇水) You ought not to have told them the truth. 你本不应该告诉他们真相的。(其实你告诉他们了) 巩固练习: 1. There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You _ come, but why didnt you? (99 上海) A

30、. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have 2. Oh, I am not feeling well in the stomach, I _ so much fried chicken just now. (2002 上海春) A.shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat 3. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. (NMET 2001) A. mustnt

31、 leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave - Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. -You _ her last week. (04 福建) A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt s how up. (04 全国) 4. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show u