GMAT曼哈顿语法精华汇总.docx

1、GMAT曼哈顿语法 精华汇总曼哈顿 SC 总结Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics1.一道例题Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film Reap the Wild Wind,future generations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus o

2、f Pepperdine University and the city of Irvine.A:including those for the 1942 film Reap the Wild Wind,future generationsB: like that for the 1942 film Reap the Wild Wind,future generations willC:like those for the 1942 film Reap the Wild Wind,future generationsD: including that for the 1942 film Rea

3、p the Wild Wind,future generations willE:including those for the 1942 film Reap the Wild Wind,future generations will 这道题用两点split。1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说The GMAT used to claim that like simply meant similar to and could not introduce examples. However, the exam writers have moderated th

4、is hardline duty in published explanations. As a result, either including or likelihood would technically work in the sentence.1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的名词。2.做题时间一般不多于90秒钟，理想状况下，花费60-75秒。3.做题步骤3.1细读原文理解原文中作者本意，顺带看是否有错误出现。如发现错误，默默记下，以备之后作为排除依据；如未发现错误，不要留恋，只要保证理解了文字的字面意思和作者本意即可。3.2纵向扫描，

5、找split不要读选项，只是纵向寻找不同点（split）。看句首和句尾，此两处必有split，不然画线不会画到它们。迅速找到多个split，找最容易区分的。3.3选取最简单split进行筛选所谓简单，就是容易找/容易比较/容易决定。语法语义两个角度来分析3.4选定第一个split3.5用同一个split，去检查其他选项是否也犯了同样的错误3.6如此反复，一直剩下唯一一个选项3.7把选项带回原文，重读，确定和原文匹配Chapter 2 Grammar & Meaning1.关于“简洁”考生现在太过重视简洁问题，导致GMAT很愿意把错误选项弄得最毒。所以，一般来说，不到万不得已（比如，剩下两个选项

6、，没有别的split可用了），就不要用“简洁”来做split2.句义2.1分三部分：选对词；放在正确的位置；和周边搭配(make sense together)。2.2选对词。此处给出了一些类似的词组Economic (monetary) vs. economical (thrifty节俭的, effectual)Aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating使人恼怒的)Known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)Loss of (no longer in possession of) vs.

7、 loss in (decline in value)Mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)Native of (person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)Range of (variety of) vs. ranging (varying)Rate of (speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)Rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet

8、or a salary increase in American English)Try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)2.3GMAT中，should 表示moral obligation应当，而非likelihood可能。In everyday speech, you can say The train should arrive now to mean that the train is likely to arrive now, but the GMAT doesnt agree with this u

9、sage.2.4放在正确的位置。同一个词放在句子的不同位置上，表示的意思会很不一样。2.5关于倒装：在可以顺叙说话的时候，就避免使用倒装。Check the overall word order for unnecessary inversions. For instance, English normally puts subjects in front of verbs. Try to preserve that order, which is natural to the language.2.6关于Redundancy：GMAT正确答案里，没有一个词是冗余重复的，每一个词必定有其存在的

10、必要性。2.7关于Concision：Quite frequently, the right answer will be a longer choice that is grammatically correct and that clearly reflects the authors intended meaning.If you have run out of grammar or meaning issues to apply and you are down to two choices, then choose the more concise option. Otherwise

11、, do not think about concision.Chapter 3 Subject-Verb Agreement1.Additive Phrases:以下短语作为修饰语，不会改变助于的单复数Along with / in addition to / as well as / accompanied by / together with / including只有and跟主语时，会把主语变成复数；而修饰语跟主语，不会改变单复数。2.Mathematics是单数名词, 即使它跟了 s; 同样适用于其他学校课程/一些运动项目 (e.g., aerobics有氧运动) /疾病 (e.g.

12、, diabetes).3.Or, eitheror, neithernor连接的两个主语一单数一复数时，谓语的单复数形式采取就近原则。4.集合名词People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus橘类植物, equipment, fleet, fruit, furnitureGMAT中，集合名词多被认为是单数，所以多采用单数动词来搭配。在英式英语中，很多集合名词一般会被看作复数，但不是在GMAT中。5.不定代词5.1.Some, Any, None, Al

13、l, Most/More SANAM以上五个不定代词要根据上下文确定单复数。5.2.Not one一直用单数形式：Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.6.Each and Every在Each或Every修饰主语时，此主语应当认作单数。Each dog and cat HAS paws.但是，跟在主语后面的each不会影响动词格式。 They each ARE great tennis players.7.Majority, minority and plurality诸多据不同上下文，可能是单数，也可能是复数。8.在不能确定单复数时，倾向于单

14、数。Chapter 4 Parallelism1.平行结构中，尽量做到精确平行，至少关键词要平行。E.g.：The employees were upset by the companys low pay, poor working conditions, and shortage of outlets for employees creativity.2.想强调一下，在做平行结构时，如果句子可以做到精确匹配，一定要做到。WRONG The experiences we have when children influence our behavior in adulthood.RIGHT T

15、he experiences in childhood influence our behavior in adulthood.WRONG Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncertain future.RIGHT Tobacco companies, which have been shaken by a string o

16、f legal setbacks in the United States, but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face an uncertain future.WRONG Dr. Crocks claims have been not corroborated by other scientists or published in a prestigious journal but have nonetheless garnered a great deal of attention from

17、the public.RIGHT Dr. Crocks claims have not been corroborated3.两个从句中,经常打都要带上主从连词,但是两个主从连词不一定相同.There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.4.不要过于紧缩任何元素.要保证每一个元素都是完整的.Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.5.And列表在连接两个分句时,在and前可以选择加入逗号.尤其在分句都很长或者独立性很强的时候, 最好

18、这样做.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.这也是个一个句子多组主谓的例子.6.在排列并列成分时,应该将最长的一部分放在最后.7.带有平行格式的习语As X, so YX is good, and so too is YConsider X Y (注意,没加as)Declare X Y (注意,没加as)X Develops into YNot Only X (,) But Also Y (comma is optional)8.连系动词可被看作是主语和宾语并列的标识WRONG The bouquet of flowers WAS

19、a giving of love.上面句子，bouquet和giving被认为在结构上不平行。Giving可以换作gift。Chapter 5 Pronouns1.Antecedent先行词必须和代词在一起make sense把先行词放到代词位置时,要能够讲得通.WRONG - Although the term supercomputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated, IT is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every sec

20、ond.讲解 supercomputer is mainframe讲不通.RIGHT Although the exaggerated, IT simply REFERS TO an永远不要人为假设,一直要把先行词放到代词位置上,看是否合理.2.This/that/these/thoseGMAT中,永远不会用this/these来指代名词.在用that/those指代的时候,必须加修饰语,以区分与先行词的不同. 此外,如果先行词和现在的that/those单复数不一致时, 不能再用代词指代,不许用名词重复先行词的概念.3.It/they指代时,指的就是同样的那个东西.4.一组it和its指的是

21、同样的东西;一组they/them/their指的是同样的东西.5.除非被逼到墙角,否则不要用”代词指代模糊”来排除选项.6.在GMAT中,永远不会出现代词在没有先行词而独立做主语的情况.Chapter 6 Modifier1.修饰时,用形容词还是副词,有时候会表达不同的意思:WRONG - Maxs grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.RIGHT Maxs grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.常见的形容词副词易混淆的词语有:Corresponding, frequent, independ

22、ent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, and usual.2.修饰语与被修饰语(名词),很多时候用逗号相隔.3.对opening modifiers要关照有加. 有时候opening modifier会在句子没有准备好的情况下,出现一长串的opening modifier;当然,这样做不一定错.4.TOUCH RULE名词和修饰语应当紧挨着彼此。不然可能造成Misplaced Modifier.如果修饰语在，而被修饰语不在，叫做dangling modifier.动词和修饰语不一定紧挨着彼此。5.That引导的

23、从句，不能修饰人people.6.当被修饰的名词是修饰语中的宾语时，that/whom可以被省略。RIGHT The movie THAT we watched last Friday was scary.RIGHT- The movie we watched last Friday was scary.7.WHERE只能修饰具体名词性质的地点；不可用于修饰“抽象地点”，如condition/situation/case/circumstances/arrangement.修饰“抽象地点”只能用IN WHICH.RIGHT We had an arrangement IN WHICH he c

24、ooked and I cleaned.8.In which可以替代when9.标点可用于区分essential和non-essential修饰语。修饰语和名词间有逗号，表non-essential;修饰语和名词间无逗号，表essential。WRONG People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little respect for other passengers.RIGHT - People who talktrains show littlepassengers.去掉逗号,表示限制性.而根据句

25、义,此处确实应该是限制性定语从句.10.WHICH只能引导从句去修饰其前的临近名词，永远不会修饰前面的整个句子。这与我们之前学习的非限制性定语从句用WHICH引导有很大出入。11.Based on在口语中,经常被用作because of的意思;但在GMAT中,based on没有因为的意思.Chapter 7 Verb Tense, Mood, & VoiceVerb Tense - 时态。体现动作发生在什么时候。Verb Mood 语气（陈述indicative/虚拟subjunctive）。Verb Voice 语态 （主动active/被动passive）.vVerb Tense - 时

26、态。体现动作发生在什么时候。1.GMAT不用现在进行时表示将来。这被认为是口语化的colloquial。表将来，用一般将来时。2.现在完成时，表示动作发生在过去，但：2.1.延续到现在；或者2.2.仍适用于现在。WRONG The child HAS DRAWN a square in the sand, but the ocean HAS ERASED it.3.过去完成时，一般不用，除非必须使用过去完成时才能表现动作间的前后关系。在使用过去完成时时，表示较近的过去的动作的成分不一定是一般过去时，也可以是一个日期或者时间短语。RIGHT By 1945, the United States

27、HAD BEEN at war for several years.4.在使用过去完成时时，有时候句子会比较灵活，不能拘泥于寻找过去时间点。要理解句义，根据表达的时间点（而非形式上的时间点）来决定是否要使用过去完成时。RIGHT The band U2 WAS just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980s, but less than ten years later, U2 HAD fully ECLIPSED its early rivals in the pantheon of popular

28、music.vVerb Mood 语气（陈述indicative/虚拟subjunctive）5.虚拟语气分两种 Hypothetical(前提假设) Subjunctive/Command Subjunctive6.前提假设型虚拟语气 Ifthen结构（个人认为这个结构很有代表性，可以依此类推其他结构中虚拟语气的用法）6.1.General Rule with no uncertaintyIF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.IF Present, THEN Present.6.2.General Rule with some uncertai

29、ntyIF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME ill.IF Present, THEN Can or May.6.3.Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertaintyIF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill.IF Present, THEN Future.6.4.Unlikely Case (in the future)IF Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill

30、.IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.6.5.Case That Never Happened (in the past)IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect. 任意见到的IFTHEN结构，都要遵循以上五种结构之一。 WOULD和SHOULD永远不会出现在IF部分中。7.命令型虚拟语气：7.1.在表示愿望时，必须使用命令式虚拟语气的动词：Demand/dict

31、ate/insist/mandate/propose/recommend/request/stipulate（规定/讲明）/suggestRIGHT We demand THAT HE BE here.7.2.只能用不定式的动词：Advise/allow/forbid/persuade/wantRIGHT We allow HIM TO BE here.7.3.能用命令式虚拟预期或者不定式的动词：Ask/beg/intend/order/prefer/urge/require (要特别注意require)RIGHT We require THAT HE BE here. Or We require HIM TO BE here.7.4.注意suggestRIGHT Her presence suggests that she is happy. 此处suggest意思是“意味着”，而非祈使语气。注意一些表达同样意思的动词的名词/形容词格式，可以同样使用虚拟语气。例如：His demand that/it is essential that语义为王