四级真题阅读长难句分析.docx

1、四级真题阅读长难句分析四级真题阅读长难句分析 在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点一 词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇二 语法结构 1从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语 2并列结构 3插入语 4倒装 5强调 6省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构二、总结长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的

2、话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句

3、大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。1. Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scott Hahn says。high-quality sustainablefind为says的宾语。which引导的非限制性定语从句which uses all-organic cott

4、on修饰的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory为Scott Hahn的同位语。【译文】Scott Hahn与Gregory同为使用全有机棉的Rogan和Loomstate公司的创始人，他声称，高质量的可持续使用面料仍然很难寻觅到。2. Most designers with existing labels are finding there arent comparable fabrics that can just replace what youre doing and what your customers are used to,” h

5、e says. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Most designersare finding。there arentused to为省略了that的宾语从句。that引导的定语从句that can just replace修饰fabrics。what引导的两个宾语从句what youre doing和what your customers are used to作replace的宾语。【译文】他说，“大多数现有品牌设计师发现，并没有匹配的面料能代替你正用着的和顾客们已经适应的面料。”3. Last year the influential trade show Design

6、ers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为 Designers & Agents stopped chargin

7、gand gave special recognition。who引导的定语从句who attend itsYork修饰entrepreneurs，whose引导的定语从句whose collections aresustainable修饰designers。【译文】去年，颇具影响力的Designers & Agents对参加其在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季展览的年轻环保企业家们实行免费入场，同时给予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持续产品的设计师们以特别表彰。4. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at h

8、elping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Wal-Mart is set to announce a initiative。aimedorganic为后置定语，修饰initiative。冒号后的句子it will buyprices即initiative的内容，相当于initiati

9、ve的同位语从句。helping tosustainable作伴随状语。【译文】本周沃尔玛特打算宣布一大重要举措，旨在帮助种植棉花的农民走有机种植之路：它将以稍高价收购过渡型的棉花，以此帮助扩大一种主要的可持续使用面料的供应量。5. Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (缕) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unident

10、ified murder victims. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scientists have devised a way。a technique为a way的同位语。where引导的宾语从句wherelived作determine的宾语。usinghair为现在分词作方式状语。that引导的定语从句thatvictims修饰technique。【译文】科学家已经设计出一个方法，凭借人的一缕头发便能大致确定某人曾经居住过的地点，这项技术可能能够帮助跟踪锁定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活动场所。6. Todd Park, a local detective, sai

11、d the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Todd Park said。a local detective为Todd Park的同位语。the method has为省略了引导词that的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又包含一个由whose引导的定语从句whose skeletonLake，修饰的是woman。【译文】当地的侦探Todd Park说这个方法帮助他了解到关于一

12、具在大盐湖附近发现的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。7. He had a perfect rsum and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He had arsum and gaveresponses, but the factsaid untrustworthy

13、so she decided。从句that he never looked her in the eye为the fact的同位语。and连接He的两个谓宾，but表转折，so则表结果。【译文】这位应试者的履历非常完美，并且对她的问题回答得不错，但是，他不敢正视她这一事实意味着“不值得信赖”，因此她决定把工作留给第二个候选人。8. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, f

14、riends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主句为we begin to realize，从句为When引导的时间状语从句When weetc.。主句中包括一个由that引导的宾语从句that somevalues，作realize的宾语。从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句what we think，作challenge的宾语；而think后又带了一个省略

15、引导词的宾语从句we have learned frometc.。【译文】当我们开始质疑自己的假设，并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。9. We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and

16、 communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为We need to。to后带了三个并列的不定式，分别是train ourselves to think，shift our mindsets和realize，而that引导的宾语从句that diversity opensus则作realize的宾语。creatingcommunities作伴随状语，该状语中又包括一个由that引导的定语从句that benefit everyone，修饰的是opportunities。【译文】我们需要训练自己用不同的思维方式去思考，转变我们

17、的思维，并且意识到多元化的大门向我们每一个人开放，这样就能创造机会，使组织和社区中的每一个人都受益。10. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, Geez, if it could happen to him, (2008年12月)【分析】本句为复合句，主句为They only come in，从句为when引导的时间状语从句。从句中包含两个由and连接的并列结构a friend drops dead和they think。Geez为think的宾语，该宾语的省略号里其实省略了

18、与it could happen to him结构对应的it could happen to me too。【译文】某个朋友在打高尔夫时猝死，他们会想：天啊，如果这能在他身上发生，只有这个时候他们才会来(医院)。11. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He believesdiseasescould be addressed。that引导的定语从句that commonly affect m

19、en修饰most diseases。by preventive check-ups为be addressed的方式状语。【译文】他相信，那些经常感染男性的疾病大多数都可以通过预防性的检查来处理掉。12. Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers and anyone who will listen. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Shoppers

20、 seldom complain tobutwill alert。破折号在这里起到强调或引起别人注意破折号后面要说的话的作用。在破折号后，who引导的定语从句who will listen修饰的是anyone。【译文】顾客很少向经理或者零售店的老板投诉，相反，他们会转而向他们的朋友、亲戚、同事、陌生人以及任何可以听到的人吐苦水。13. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing

21、 the same parking space. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为简单句，主干为This guidance eliminated the needand avoided confrontation。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。【译文】这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。14. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retaile

22、r, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为简单句，主干为Customers canimproveexperiences。方式状语by filling complaints to the retailer修饰improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定，其前后成分结构一致，complaining前其实省略了by。【译文】顾客也可以通过向零售商投诉来改善今后的购物体验，而不是向全世界其他的人抱怨。15. A code of conduct is h

23、ard to create when youre living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.(2008年12月)【分析】本句为复合句，主句为A code of conduct is hard to create，从句为when引导的时间状语从句when youre livinglast。从句中又包括两个由介词in加which引导的定语从句in whic

24、h everyone issleep和in which nicelast，先行词均为a world。【译文】当你生活在一个每个人都因加班工作、缺乏睡眠而筋疲力尽的社会，在一个好人最后总是吃亏的社会时，很难创造出一套行为准则。16. This jumping to our childrens defence is part of what fuels the “walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other peoples children. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为jumping

25、to our childrens defence is part of。what引导的宾语从句what fuelsfeelings作of的宾语。that引导的定语从句that surroundschildren修饰feeling。【译文】这种对孩子的急切保护，加剧了我们在处理别人孩子的事情时，那种“在蛋壳上行走”的感觉。17. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, youll die on average five years before a wom

26、an. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为 youll die。Assumingterm 为条件状语。about 78 years for men in Australia作插入语，是对natural term的解释说明，去掉后，句子的语法结构和语义仍完整。【译文】假定你有幸活到了生命的自然尽头在澳大利亚男性大概是78岁你平均也要比女性早去世五年。18. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smokers cough for a year.

27、 (2008年12月)【分析】本句为复合句。主句为Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man。 who引导定语从句,修饰 a 50-year-old man。delay后常接动名词，表示“推迟做某事”。smokers cough指吸烟引起的咳嗽。【译文】两个月前，古丽塔遇见一位50岁的男人，他耽搁了一年而未对吸烟引起的咳嗽做任何处理。19.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to fre

28、quent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School. (2008年12月)【分析】本句为并列复合句。when引导时间状语从句，according to是介词短语。conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School作后置定语修饰a study。the last one to do sth.意为“最后一个做某事的人”。【译文】据沃德集团和沃顿商学院所做的一份联合调查显示，商店经理总是最后一个接到投诉，并且通常是当他们的常

29、客决定定期光顾他们的竞争对手时才发现。20. “Retailers whore responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who arent so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. (2008年12月)【分析】本句中的直接引语为复合句。句子主干为Retailers are more likely to smooth over issues than those, morethan是比较级结构。第一个who引导的定语从句修饰Retailers，第二

30、个who引导的定语从句修饰those。【译文】史提芬霍克教授说：“与那些态度不友好的零售商相比，能够及时作出反应且态度友好的零售商更有可能平息事端。”21. But the real truth is that we dont know enough to relieve global warming, and without major technological breakthroughs we cant do much about it. (2008年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为the real truth is that。that从句为is的表语，在该表语从句有两个由and连接的

31、简单句we dont knowwarming和we cant do much about it。两个破折号之间的内容是对we cant do much about it的原因解释。【译文】但真相是，我们对缓解全球变暖知道的还不够多，并且没有较大的技术突破我们仍将束手无策。22. We need economic growth unless we condemn the worlds poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone elses living standards. (2008年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主句为We need ec

32、onomic growth，从句为unless引导的条件状语从句。在从句中，we有两个由and连接的谓宾：condemnpoverty和freezestandards。【译文】我们需要经济增长，除非我们迫使世界上的穷人继续穷困潦倒，不提高他们的生活水平。23. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when its really an engineering one. (2008年6月)【分析】本句为复合句，主干为The troubleis that。that引导的表语从句that it has becomeone作is的表语，该表语从句中又包括一个由when引导的时间状语