TMMI测试成熟度.docx

1、TMMI测试成熟度1Test Maturity Model Integration （TMMi）1测试成熟度模型集成（ TMMi ）1.1Introduction1.1介绍For the past decade, the software industry has put substantial effort in improving the quality of its products. This has been a difficult job, since the size and complexity of software increases rapidly while custo

2、mers and users are becoming more and more demanding. Despite encouraging results with various quality improvement approaches,the software industry is still far from zero defects. To improve product quality, the software industry has much focused on improving their development processes. A guideline

3、that has been widely used to improve the development processes is the Capability Maturity Model. The Capability Maturity Model （CMM） and its? successor the Capability Maturity Model Integration （CMMI） are often regarded as the industry standard for software process improvement. Despite the fact that

4、 testing often accounts for at least 30-40% of the total project costs, only limited attention is given to testing in the various software process improvement models such as the CMM and the CMMI. As an answer, the testing community has created its complementary improvement models. This document desc

5、ribes the Test Maturity Model Integration （TMMi）. The TMMi is a detailed model for test process improvement and is positioned as being complementary to the CMMI.在过去的 10 年间，软件产业界花费了大量的努力用以提高它的产品质量。这无疑是个艰巨 的工作，因为软件的体积和复杂度正在随着客户和最终用户越来越多的需求而飞速的增长 。 尽管采用了多种质量提高手段软件产业仍然远离零缺陷。 为了提高产品质量， 软件产业界把 重点放在了提高开发过程

6、上。一个准则，能力成熟度模型（ CMM ）已经被广泛使用。能 力 成熟度模型（ CMM ）和它的接替者，能力成熟度模型集成（ CMMI ）常常被作为软件开发 过程的工业标准。 尽管事实上测试至少要占到整个项目花费的 30% 40%，但是在各种软件过 程改进模型如 CMM 和 CMMI ，测试仍然被很少提及。测试社区创建了互补的改进模型 来响应这个问题。本文就描述了这种模型，测试成熟度模型集成（ TMMi ）。 TMMi 是测试 过程改进的 详细模型并且作为 CMMi 的互补。1.2Background and History1.2背景和历史The TMMi1 framework has bee

7、n developed by the TMMi Foundation as a guideline and reference framework for test process improvement and is positioned as a complementary model to the CMMI2 Version 1.2 CMMI addressing those issues important to test managers, test engineersand software quality professionals. Testing as defined in

8、the TMMi is applied in its broadest sense to encompass all software product quality-related activities. TMMi 框架由 TMMi 协会开发并作 为准则框架对测试过程改进做指导。 TMMi 也作为 CMMI1.2 版本的互补模型来对测试经理， 测试工程师和软件质量专家定位某些问题的重要性。Testing: The process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with pl

9、anning, preparation and evaluation of software products and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects. ISTQB* 这个应该是测试的定义，要看下别人如何翻的 * 测试：测试过程包含所有生命周期活动，包括静态和动态， 包括软件产品的计划， 准备和评估和相关的工作产物以决定他们对指定的 需求满意

10、，证明他们适合目标并作缺陷检查。Just like the CMMI staged representation, the TMMi also uses the concept of maturity levels for process evaluation and improvement. Furthermore process areas, goals and practices are identified. Applying the TMMi maturity criteria will improve the test process and have a positive imp

11、act on product quality, test engineering productivity, and cycle-time effort. The TMMi has been developed to support organizations at evaluating and improving their test process. Within the TMMi, testing evolves from a chaotic, ill-defined process with a lack of resources, tools and well-educated te

12、sters to a mature and controlled process that has defect prevention as its main objective. Practical experiences are positive and show that TMMi supports the process of establishing a more effective and efficient test process. Testing becomes a profession and a fully integrated part of the developme

13、nt process. As stated the focus of testing changes from defect detection to defect prevention.像 CMMI 使用阶段描述一样， TMMi 也使用成熟度水平概念来做过程评估和改进。此外还 定义了过程域，目标和活动。 TMMi 成熟度标准的应用将改善测试过程，并对产品质量，测 试工 程生产力和周期时间的努力有着积极的影响。 TMMi 已经被开发成支持组织评估和改 善他们的测试过程。通过 TMMi, 测试从一个无序混乱，缺乏资源，工具和训练有素的测试 人员的弱定义过程到成熟的， 可控的并且有缺陷预防最为它主

14、要目标的过程。 实际的经验证 明 TMMi 建立了一个更加高效的测试过程。测试成为了专职并且被融入到开发过程中。开 始把重点由缺陷检测转到缺陷预防上来。1.3Sources1.3起源The development of the TMMi has used the TMM3 framework as developed by the Illinois Institute of Technology as one of its major sources Burnstein. InTMMi 的发展是以美国伊利诺伊理工学院开发的 TMM 框架为主要的来源。addition to the TMM, i

15、t was largely guided by the work done on the Capability Maturity Model Integration(CMMI), a process improvement model that has 除了 TMM ，它也借鉴了能力成熟度模型集成( CMMi )，后者是一种 IT 业界有着广泛支持 的过程改进模型。widespread support in the IT industry. The CMMI has both a staged and continuous representation. Within thestaged re

16、presentation the CMMI architectureCMMI 既是分阶段的也是持续的表述。 prescribes the stages that an organization must proceed through in an orderly fashion to improve its development process. Within the continuous 对于阶段表述， CMMI 架构规定了各个阶段， 组织必须顺序的执行它的阶段以提高它的发展 过程。representation there is no fixed level set of levels o

17、r stages to proceed through. An organization applyingthe continuous representation can select areas 对于持续表述， 没有固定的级别或者阶段去通过， 一个组织可以从不同的类别选择区域去做 改进。for improvement from many different categories. The TMMi has been developed as a staged model. The staged model uses predefined sets of process areas toTM

18、Mi 被开发成一个阶段模型，它使用预定义的多套过程域定义组织的发展路线。define an improvement path for an organization. This improvement path is described by a model componentcalled a maturity level. A maturity level is a well 这种发展路线被描绘成一种模型成分，称为成熟度级别。成熟度级别又被定义成进化水平， 以完成改良组织过程。defined evolutionary plateau towards achieving improved or

19、ganizational processes. At a later stage acontinuous representation of the TMMi may become 在后来的一个阶段 TMMi 的持续表述才变得可用。available. This will most likely not influence the content of the TMMi. It will ,only? provide a differentstructure and representation. 它不会影响 TMMi 的内容，它仅仅提供了不用的结构和表述。Other sources to t

20、he TMMi development include the Gelperin and Hetzel?s Evolution of TestingModelGelperin and Hetzel, which describes the evolution of the testing process over a 40-year period, Beizer?stesting model, which describes the evolution of the individual tester?s thinking Beizer, research on theTMM carried

21、out in the EUfunded MB-TMM project, and international testing standards, e.g. IEEE 829 Standard for Software Test Documentation IEEE 829. The testing terminology used in the TMMi is derived from the ISTQB Standard Glossary of terms used in Software Testing ISTQB.促进 TMMi 发展的其它来源还包括 Gelperin 和 Hetzel

22、的测试模型的演化，它描述了过去 40 年间的测试过程的演化 ; 还有Beizer 的测试模型， 它描述了单个测试人员的想法的演化 ; 有 EUfunded MB-TMM 项目中对 TMM 的研究；还有国际测试组织，如 IEEE829 标准中的软件测试文档 IEEE829 。在 TMMi 使用的测试术语来自 ISTQB 组织 软件测试方面的标准条款术语。1 TMMi is a registered trademark of the TMMi Foundation1 TMMi 是 TMMi 组织的注册商标2CMM and CMMI are registered trademarks of Carn

23、egie Mellon University2CMM 和 CMMI 是 Carnegie Mellon 大学的注册商标3TMM is a registered service mark of Illinois Institute of Technology3TMM 是 Illionis 理工学院的注册服务标记As stated for defining the maturity levels, the evolutionary testing model of Gelperin and Hetzel hasserved as a foundation for historical-level

24、differentiation in the TMMi. The Gelperin and Hetzel modeldescribes phases and test goals for the 1950s through the 1990s. The initial period is described as“debugging oriented ”d,uring which most software development organizations had not clearly differentiatedbetween testing and debugging. Testing

25、 was an ad-hoc activity associated with debugging to remove bugs fromprograms. Testing has, according to Gelperin and Hetzel, since progressed to a “ prevention-oriented ”period, which is associated with current best practices and reflects the highest maturity level of theTMMi. Furthermore, various

26、industrial best-practices, practical experience using the TMM and testingsurveys have contributed to the TMMi development providing it with its necessary empirical foundation andrequired level of practicality. They illustrate the current best and worst testing practices in the ITindustry, and have a

27、llowed the developers of the TMMi framework to extract realistic benchmarks by which toevaluate and improve testing practices.至于确定成熟度等级所述， Gelperin 和 Hetzel 的进化测试模型担任一个历史级的 TMMi 区别 的基础。，Gelperin 和 Hetzel 模 型描述了 1950 年代到 1990 年代的阶段和测试目标。 初始的时期被描述成面向调试的， 在这 个时期大多数的软件开发组织不清楚测试和调试的区别。测试是个模糊的活动，它跟调试一起是用来

28、从程序中去除错误的。 根据 Gelperin 和 Hetzel ，测试已经进入面向预防时期，联系到最好的练习以及反映了 TMMi 最成熟的水平。而且，各种 各样的工业界使用 TMM 的最佳练习和实践经验为 TMMi 的发展提供了必要的实验基础和实用性水平。他们阐明了当前在 IT 工业 界最好和最差的测试实践，它也允许 TMMi 框架的开发者提取实际的基准以评估和改善测试实践。1.4Scope of the TMMi1.4TMMi 的领域1.4.1Software and System Engineering1.4.1软件和系统工程The TMMi is intended to support

29、testing activities and test process improvement in both the systemsengineering and software engineering discipline. Systems engineering covers the development of totalsystems, which may or may not include software. Software engineering covers the development of softwaresystems.TMMi 打算在系统工程和软件工程学科支持测

30、试活动和测试过程改善。 系统工程涵盖了整个 系统的发展，它可以包括也可能不包括软件。软件工程涵盖了软件系统的发展。1.4.2Test levels1.4.2测试级别Whereas some models for test process improvement focus mainly on high-level testing, e.g. TPI Koomen andPol or address only one aspect of structured testing e.g. the test organization, The TMMi addresses alltest levels

31、(including static testing) and aspects of structured testing. With respect to dynamic testing,both low-level testing and high-level testing are within the scope of the TMMi. Studying the model more in detail one will learn that the model addresses all four cornerstones for structured testing (lifecy

32、cle,techniques, infrastructure and organization）TMap. 其他模型在测试过程改良方面主要致力于高级别的测试，如 TPIKoomen and Pol; 或者仅仅定位结构测试的某一个方面，如测试机构。 TMMi 定位多个测试水平（包括静态测试）和结构测试的各个方面。至于动态 测试，低级测试和高级测试都是TMMi 的目标。研究 TMMi 细节越多，有一个问题必须了解，这种模型定位了结构测试的 4 项基石（生命周期，技能，基础结构和组织） TMap 。1.4.3TMMi and CMMI1.4.3TMMi 和 CMMIIt is also important to note that TMMi is positioned as a complementary model to the CMMI. In many cases agiven TMMi level needs specific support from process areas at its corresponding CMMI level or from lower