1、介词介词短语和短语动词讲解介词、介词短语和短语动词一、考纲内容熟悉介词的基本意义及用法;辨析相近、易混介词的用法;掌握常用介词短语的意义及用法;掌握常用短语动词的形式、意义及用法。二、命题趋势1. 语法填空主要考察介词的基本意义和用法,用时兼顾对介词短语的考察。2. 短文改错主要考察介词的误用。3. 考察介词与名词、形容词或动词搭配的意义和用法。三、介词(一)介词的分类1. 从结构上看,介词可以分为以下几类:简单介词(由一个词构成的介词)、合成介词(两个词合在一起的介词)、短语介词(一个或几个简单介词或其他介词组合在一起的介词)、分词介词(部分动词的-ing形式和过去分词形式)。2. 从意思上
2、考虑,介词可以分为下面三类:引导时间短语的介词、引导地点状语的介词、引导其他短语的介词。(二)介词(短语)的用法区别1. 表示方位的at,in,on,to,beside/by和near(1)at一般指在较小的地方 例:I met him at the shop.(2) in 一般指在较大的地方,或在某一范围内 例:a. They arrived in Beijing yesterday. b. Shandong Province lies in the east of China.(3) on 一般指在物体的表面,或相邻并接壤的两个地域 例:a. The picture is hanging
3、on the wall. b. Mongolia is on the north of China.(4) to表示某范围外接壤或不接壤的两个位置 例: Shandong Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.(5) beside/by 译为“在.旁边” 例:a. She was standing beside her mother. b. There is a small house by the river.(6) near译为“接近;靠近” 例:There is a supermarket near my home.2. 表示方位的
4、between和among(1) between在两者或每两者之间 例: I stand between Sue and Jane.(2) among 在三者或三者以上之间 例: The teacher was standing among the students.3. 表示方位的across,through,over和past (1)across从.的表面穿过 例:He walked across the square to meet us.(2)through从.的内部穿过 例:The guide led us through the forest.(3)over从.的上面跨过 例:Th
5、e thief jumped over the fence and fled away.(4)past在.的旁边经过 例:She walked past the shop.4.表示时间的介词(1)表示“在.”的:at,in,ona.at表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日 例:at 9:00; at noon; at Christmasb. in表示在某段较长的时间内,世纪、朝代或年月;泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等。 例:in the 21st century; in September; in the morningc. on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上 例:on 2nd, Sep
6、tember; on the morning of 1st, may(2)表示“在.之后”的after,in“after+一段时间”在过去时的句子中做时间状语,相当于“一段时间+later”; “in+一段时间”在将来时句子中做时间状语,指离说话时多长时间以后。 例:a. He returned home after a week(a week later). b. They will come to visit us in a month.注意:“after+时间点”可在将来时态的句子中做时间状语; “in+时间段”表示“在.时间之内”时,可用于完成时或过去时的句子中。例:a. I will
7、 attend a meeting after 2 oclock. b. In the last ten years, great changes have taken place in this village.(3)表示时间段的for,sincea. “for+时间段”译为“多长时间”,表示动作持续的时间长短,一般做完成时态或过去时态句子中的时间状语。 例:He has lived in the small village for 5 years.b. “since+时间点”译为“自从.”,做完成时态句子中的时间状语。 例:I havent heard from him since thr
8、ee years ago.5. 其他介词(1)表示交通的by,in,on “by+名词”表示交通方式时,名词前不加冠词;但是in,on后面的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰a. He goes to work by car every day=He goes to work in his car every day.b. He goes to work by bike every day=He goes to work in his bike every day.(2)表示“用.”的:by,in,withby侧重方式、方法,多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前;in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前;wit
9、h多用于表示有形的工具,表示身体器官的名词前。例:a. He earned his living by selling newspapers.b. Please write the answer in ink.c. They are digging with spades.(3) 表示“除.外”的except, except for 和besidesexcept表示“除.之外”(其他的都),其后的宾语时被排除在外的,侧重同类事物的排除;except for后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的或整体与局部的关系;besides表示“除.之外”(其他的也),其他的宾语是被包括在内的。 例:a. A
10、ll my friends took part in the party except John. b. His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. c. He has learned German, French besides English.(三) 介词短语1. 介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。2. 介词短语在句子中可以做状语、定语、表语、补足语等。3. 常考得介词短语at dawn; at daybreak; in case of; at table; far from; free from; by
11、 the way; be fond of; be tired of; be proud of; answer/key to; next to; be similar to; due to; thanks to; be popular with; apart from; instead of; regardless of; in detail; in general; on purpose; above all; in all; after all; in terms of; in need of; in favor of; in return; in short; in place of; i
12、n search of; for fear of; in exchange for; in addition to; in spite of; in vain; beyond reach; beyond description; on account of; in a way; in particular; in charge of; as a result of (四)短语动词1. 动词+aboutspeak/talk about讨论; think about思考; care about关心; bring about发生; come about发生; go about着手,走动; argue
13、 about争论; hear about听说; set about着手,开始; worry about担心2. 动词+ataim at瞄准,计划; call at拜访; glare at怒视; knock at敲(门,窗等); laugh at嘲笑; look at看; point at指向; shout at冲.喊; stare at凝视; work at致力于3. 动词+awaybreak away摆脱; clear away清除掉,散去; die away减弱,逐渐消失; give away分发,泄露; pass away去世; put away把.收起来; throw away扔掉;
14、wash away冲走4. 动词+backcall back回电话; give back归还; hold back控制住;阻止; keep back隐瞒,扣留; look back回顾; put back放回原处5. 动词+downbring down把.降低; burn down烧毁; break down出故障,瘫痪; cut down砍倒,削减; calm down平静下来; put down记下,镇压; slow down慢下来; take down记下,拿下; tear down拆毁,拆除; turn down调小,拒绝6. 动词+forapply for申请; ask for要求得
15、到; answer for对.负责; beg for祈求,请求; call for需要,要求; care for关心,喜欢; charge for收费; search for寻找; run for竞选; stand for代表7. 动词+fromdate from始于.的时期; die from因.而死; different from与.不同; hear from收到.的来信; result from由.造成; separate from把.分开8. 动词+inbreak in闯入,插话; bring in引进,带来收入; call in召集,来访; check in登记进入; call in
16、插嘴,打断; drop in顺便拜访; get in收割,进站; give in让步,投降; hand in上交; result in导致9. 动词+intoburst into突然爆发,闯入; change into变成; divide into把.分成; look into调查,研究; run into碰到; turn into把.变成10. 动词+ofapprove of赞成,通过; consist of由.组成; die of死于; dream of梦想; hear of听说; think of想到; 11. 动词+offbreak off中断,突然停止; come off脱落; cu
17、t off切断,隔绝; fall off跌落,掉下; get off下车,动身; give off发出,放出; keep off避开; leave off中断; pay off还清,取得成功; put off推出,延期; see off送行; show off炫耀; start off出发; take off脱下,起飞,成功12. 动词+oncall on拜访某人; carry on继续,前行; depend/rely on依靠; feed/live on以.为生; have on穿着(状态); put on穿上(动作),上演; keep on继续; look on旁观; move on往前走
18、,移动; pass on传递,传授; insist on坚持; try on试穿; take on呈现,承担,雇佣; turn/switch on打开13. 动词+outbreak out爆发; bring out取出,使呈现; come out出版,出来; carry out执行,完成; find out弄清楚; give out分发,公布,用完; go out熄灭,消退; help out帮助; hold out伸出,坚持住; leave out删掉,省略; look out小心,谨慎; let out泄露,使(火)熄灭; make out理解,辨认出; pick out挑选出; put
19、out扑灭,熄灭; run out用完,耗尽; send out发出,派遣; set out出发,着手; turn out结果是,产生; work out解决,算出14. 动词+overgo over复习,检查; get over克服; look over翻阅,检查; run over碾过,复查; take over接管,接替; think over仔细考虑; turn over翻到,翻看; watch over: 看守,照看15. 动词+throughget through 完成,通过,接通电话; go through经历,遭受,检查; look/glance through翻阅,仔细查看;
20、 see through看穿,看透16. 动词+toadd to增添,增添了; agree to同意; attend to照顾,处理; belong to属于; come to共计,苏醒; devote to致力于,奉献给; get to到达; lead to导致,通向; object to反对; refer to参考,查阅; stick to坚持,忠于; turn to转向,求助于17. 动词+upbring up抚养,培养; break up分手,破裂; clear up收拾,整理; come up出现,提出; cut up切碎; eat up吃光; give up放弃; go up上涨,
21、增长; hold up延误,举起,抢劫; keep up保持; look up抬头,查找; make up组成,编造,和解; put up举起,张贴; pick up抬起,开车接,学会; set up成立,建立; stay up熬夜; tear up撕碎; take up占据,开始从事; turn up调大,出现; use up用完; hang up挂断电话18. 动词+withagree with同意,适应于; compare with与.相比; deal with处理; do with处理,需要; meet with遭遇19. 三个词以上的短语add up to总计; break away
22、 from摆脱; catch up with追上; keep up with=keep peace with与.保持同步; come into being产生,出现; catch sight of看见; do well in在.做得好; get close to接近; get used to=be accustomed to习惯于.; get along/on with相处,进展; get out of逃避,避免; get rid of摆脱,除掉; go on with继续; get down to开始做; keep away from避开,不靠近; keep in touch with保持联
23、系; keep an eye on: 留心,注意; look up to仰望,尊敬; look down on轻视,看不起; look forward to盼望; make fun of取笑; make use of=make the most/best of利用; make up for=catch up on弥补; put up with容忍,忍受; pay attention to注意; pay a visit to访问; run out of用完; set fire to=set.on fire防火烧; take part in参加; take care of照看; take prid
24、e in=be proud of以.为自豪; play a part/role in起作用; set an example to/for为.树立榜样; take advantage of利用.的优势; take charge of负责,掌管(二)一些常用动词与不同介词或副词搭配1. break away摆脱; break into强行闯入,突然开始; break off中断; break out爆发; break through克服; break up打碎,结束,解散,分解; break down抛锚,分解; break in破门而入,插嘴2. bring about引起,造成; bring
25、down使倒下,使下降; bring forward提出; bring out显示出来,出版,生产; bring up提出,培养,教育; bring back想起,恢复; bring in引起,挣得3. call for需要,要求; call on拜访,看望,号召; call off取消,停止; call up打电话,召集; call at访问(某地); call in请来,召集; call back回电话,召回4. go along进展,陪同前往; go by过去,经过,遵守; go down下降,下沉,下跌; go in for从事,爱好,参加; go for去,选择,想要,攻击; go
26、into研究,调查,从事; go off离开,爆炸,断电,熄灭; go on继续前行,发生,上场; go out离开,熄灭,过时; go over复习,仔细检查; go through通过,经历,仔细检查; go up上涨,增长,涨价5. come about发生; come across偶遇,讲清楚; come along进展,成功; come into effect生效; come off发生,举行,成功; come on快点,有进展; come out出来,结果是,出版; come round/around再现,恢复知觉,改变看法;come through经历,获得成功; come to
27、苏醒,达到,总数为; come up发生,走上前去; come up with赶上,提出; come up to达到,符合; come true变为现实6. cut across绕近道穿过; cut back削减,急忙返回; cut down削减,减少; cut in插嘴,打断,超车; cut off切断,中断,隔绝; cut out删掉,戒掉; cut short中断,打断,缩短7. hold back阻碍,控制,隐瞒; hold up举起,耽搁,持械抢劫; hold out伸出,坚持; hold off拖延; hold on别挂断,坚持住; hold on to紧紧抓住8. give aw
28、ay赠送,泄露; give out分发,公布,耗尽; give off发出(光、热、气味); give up放弃,对某人不报希望(on sb.); give in屈服,投降9. keep away使远离; keep back扣除,隐瞒; keep off避开,不接近; keep on继续; keep out挡在外面,请勿靠近; keep up保持,持续,继续; keep up with跟上10. look after照顾; look out注意,当心; look back回顾; look down on/upon轻视,看不起; look for寻找,寻求; look forward to期待,
29、盼望; look in顺便看望,顺便拜访; look into调查,深入了解; look on观看,旁观; look over检查; look through浏览,快速查看; look up查阅,仰望11. carry on继续,坚持; carry away冲走,使着迷; carry out执行,贯彻; carry off运走,获得(奖赏); carry through帮助度过难关,实现12. put aside放在一边,保留; put away放好,收好; put down写下,镇压; put forward提出,推荐; put in伸出,提交,申请; put in for申请,正式要求;
30、put off延期,推迟,阻止,妨碍; put on穿上,上演,增加(体重); put out熄灭,生产,出版; put up搭起,建造,提供; put up with容忍; put through(把电话)接通,使经受.的考验13. set about开始做; set apart使分离; set aside留出,拔出; set back推迟,阻碍; set down写下; set off动身,引起,使爆炸; set out动身,阐述,着手做.; set up建立,创办14. make for向.前进,促成; make out理解,领悟,辨认出; make up组成,补偿; make up f
31、or弥补15. take after与.相像; take apart拆卸; take away拿走,消除; take down记下,拆掉; take for(错)当做,(误)认为; take in吸收,领会,欺骗; take off起飞,脱下; take on呈现,采纳,承担; take ones time不要着急,慢慢做; take over接管,取代; take to喜欢,养成.的习惯; take up占据,开始从事16. pick out挑出,辨认出; pick up捡起,偶然获得,学会17. send away送走,解雇; send for派人去请; send out分发,散发; se
32、nd up上升,发射18. turn down调低,拒绝; turn off关掉,转向,厌烦; turn out制造,结果是; turn over翻身,移交,仔细考虑; turn to求助于; turn up调大,被发现,达到19. get through浏览,翻阅,经历(困难); get in收割,收获,购买; get over克服,战胜,做完; get on继续,上车; get round传播,说服,回避; get about四处走动,传开; get across 传达,使.理解; get along/on with进展,相处; get down记下,使.沮丧; get down to开始认真做; get back恢复,回来; get out泄
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