跨文化考试.docx

1、跨文化考试Chapter 1 Culture1. Keywords(1) Culture (from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。）(2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and

2、 implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.（从人类学角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过

3、符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。）(3) Culture ( from psychological perspective): culture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another。（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）(4) Culture (from socialogical

4、 perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perceptionincluding both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior. (从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。)(5) Culture ( from intercultural communic

5、ation perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

6、 （从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。） (6) Culture Identity: refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）(7) Subculture：refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based o

7、n economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region. （亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。） (8) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to d

8、istinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture. （共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。）(9) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generatio

9、ns in the same way as cultures do. （亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。）Case 2:White DressCase analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is l

10、ike an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. Case 4:

11、 Coconut-skatingCase analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and its learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping fr

12、om her own culture. Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural CommunicationKeywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）(3) Encoding:

13、It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。 ）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notic

14、es and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a senders message is call

15、ed feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）(8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）(9) Context: A context is the setting or situati

16、on within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）(10) Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the comm

17、unication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)(11) International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)(12) Interracial communication: It o

18、ccurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)(13) Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）

19、(14) Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）Case 12: Why Dont You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can a

20、ffect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.Chapter

21、3 Cultures Influence on PerceptionKeywords(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。) (2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our vario

22、us senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。) (3) Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。) (

23、4) Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. （组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）(5) Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程， 类似于解码过程。）Case 1

24、6: Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them w

25、ith different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of t

26、heir cultures and living habits. Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers1. Keywords(1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去

27、时，就会产生焦虑。）(2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or others feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)(3) Assuming similarity instead of differen

28、ce: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。）(4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging a

29、spects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture.（种族或民主中心主义：是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）(5) Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）(6) Prejudic

30、e: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）(7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their r

31、ace.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）Texe C: suggested answermotel 汽车旅馆 lucky dog幸运儿landlord地主，房东 as wise as an owl非常聪明，有学问嫦娥奔月 Legend of Chang-Er, the Moon Goddess狗仗人势 to be a bully under the protection of a powerful person集体主义 collectivism 四小龙 The Four Little Dragons of AsiaSuggested a

32、nswer to the key phrases:break a leg（表示良好祝愿）祝你好运！ read between the lines体会言外之意hold your horses耐心一点；请三思 raining cats and dogs下倾盆大雨炕 kang, a heatable brick bed 太极tai chi 文化大革命The Cultural RevolutionCase 21: A Danish Woman in New YorkThis case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of lea