GMAT 修辞16条规则.docx

1、GMAT 修辞16条规则GMAT 修辭16條規則1. 主動詞一致(P.14)技巧: 看答案, 若動詞有單複數之分, 則為考主動詞是否一致.只有不及物動詞才可以倒裝: S + Vi + Adv. Adv. + Vi + S不及物動詞無被動式 (如double)若是連接詞, 動詞選擇與靠近的S一致. (A as well as B , A no less than B 選A, 例外)2. 代名詞的參照(P.14)技巧: 看畫線部分是否有代名詞 (關代也是代).技巧: 代名詞若為主詞, 優先替代原題主詞.前面一定要有先行詞N, 而且一定要清楚, 並用對代名詞.代名詞不可代動作或想法.同一句子中, 相

2、同代名詞所代的東西應相同, 以避免混淆. 主詞代主詞, 受詞代受詞, 可不同.限定子句與非限定子句的區分, 由句意決定.若是用來將關代前面的名詞限制住, 所帶領的子句重要, 為限定子句, 前面不應有“ , “.若只是補充用, 所帶領的子句不重要, 則為非限定子句, which 前應加” , “.技巧: A.B., 關代 99% 關代代A (因為考代B太簡單)而that在作為關係代名詞時, 前面不應有介係詞或”,”.one與it不同, one3. 平行規則(P.11)技巧: 看畫線部分或畫線前後是否有對等連接詞.技巧: 畫線部分有BE, 看BE前後是否有N. 看畫線前後是否有BE.動詞平衡時,

3、需注意前後N是否脫節.動名詞前若要有主詞, 要用所有格. His + Ving. (所有格優先用名詞, 若無名詞才用Ving)不定詞前若要有主詞, 要用for + N + to V.be 動詞平衡前後n. 但若 介+n 則為adj., 不用管平衡. (John is troubleJohn is in trouble)be 動詞平衡時, 若一邊的名詞有指定(the N), 另一邊也要指定.4. 簡潔(P.19)技巧: 雙重否定少選 (因為違背簡潔原則)技巧: there 少選技巧: be due to because of.技巧: the fact that 絕對不選 (因為違背簡潔原則).

4、介係詞不加that, 若要加that, 中間一定要加 the fact, 但在GMAT中違背簡潔原則. a fact that 多選 (考Ncl 表同位)技巧: 看題入中有be able to, 答案中有can 的一定是解答.技巧: 提供因式者一定對.技巧: at least 不會跟more一起出現.技巧: ,.+分片 比 ,+分片 多選. 因為較為清楚.單字 片語 子句 (a beautiful girl 好過 a girl who is beautiful)避免用相同意義的字.多用省略子句.以少數子代替多數字.用複合或分片達到簡潔.形容詞子句的動詞時態若是比主要動詞早, 不可改為分片. (

5、因為先後動作會搞混)介係詞+關代的省略: S1+V1 介+關代 S1+V2S1+V1 to V2+介分詞代替連接詞: 若S1+V1, 連接詞 S2+ V2S1+V1, S2+V2pp.但分詞代替連接詞不可用在and then, 所以 then Vpp錯.同意字:an area about the size of Colorados. 要將s去掉. 因為of的意義與s同.attempt to = try toby = with = usesoar = rise (rise V. N.)grow = raise = increaseappeal to = interestamount = sums

6、uch = degreelarge = enoughorigin = come from主詞和動詞間不要再加入代名詞. (分裂句)幾次: 2次不可用two times, 要用twice.twice是adv. 不可用by more than twice. 因為by後加N. more than 是adv.5. 錯誤比較(P.24)比較要同類: like A, B , prefer A to B, A more than B, AB 要同類. (不同類即脫節)In contrast to 不像 = Unlike = In comparison with A, B + Vcompare A to B:

7、 AB不同類. = liken A to B. compare A with B: AB同類.比較要將自身除外, 常用 any other. 但若已限定住, 則不加.any other + 單數N. all the other + 複數N.more.(NEW).than not (省略OLD)more often than not 多半A no more than B = A not any more than B. A和B一樣不 .You are no more honest than he (is honest).A not more than B = A not so as B. A不比

8、B .若AB為N, 則用more of A: He is more of a scholar than a poet.The 比較級 + S + V, the 比較級 + S + V. 句意清楚時可省SV The higher, the colder.6. 連續性(P.15 P.17)脫節:to V / Ving / Ved / 介+Ving / 省略片語 / 省略子句, S + V S 前移, 看是否通, 若不通則脫節.修改方法: a. 改後面主詞 b. 將前面改為副詞子句.副詞片語(如while), 要注意主詞是否脫節. 副詞修飾之前最靠近的動詞, 被修飾動詞的主詞即為複片的S.人+bas

9、e, 物+based. 因為based為被動式, 所以看到based時, 前面一定是物.修飾語放錯位子: (不是考文法, 考慣用語)技巧: 注意副詞位置, 不同位置會產生不同句意.技巧: 1. 題目上有only, only 必為修飾. 要看句意決定修飾何者. 2. only + V 永遠不選.so 可放於動詞後作為adv.用, 當”也”講. 代前句的adv.及adj.此時要注意句意是否對.兩邊修飾:V1 + adv/adv片/adv.cl + V2 adv/adv片/adv.cl 改放句首或句尾.分詞片語修飾主詞, 副詞省略子句修飾動詞.7. 假設語氣(P.25)技巧: 要求, 命令, 堅持,

10、 建議, 重要 + that + S + (should)省略 + 原形V (因為不一定會與事實相同, 所以要用should)技巧: 有if子句的不一定是假設, 沒有if子句的也不一定不是假設, 完全要看句 意決定.should, could, would, might為假設語氣.That will be great. (Impolite) That would be great.Your help will be appreciated. (Impolite) Your help would be appreciated.與現在事實相反:If + S1 + Vpt/were , S2 + w

11、ould/should/could/might + V 與過去事實相反:If + S1 + had + Vpp/been , S2 + would/should/could/might + have + Vpp 與未來事實相反:If + S1 + were to + V , S2 + would/should/could/might + V 可能性大的假設:If + S1 + V , S2 + will + V 可能性小的假設:If + S1 + should + V , S2 + would/could/might + V 現在可能性大小: may / might過去可能性大小: may /

12、 might have + Vpp8. 錯誤的動詞時態 (專P.19)技巧: 題目不用進行式, 答案絕無進行式. 題目用進行式, 答案也用進行式, 本題不考時態.技巧: being 少選.推測動詞:seem, appear必用主動.be said, be thought, be supposed, be believed, be known, be alleged必用被動.若其後接被推測的動作比推測動詞早, 用法: 推動 + to have Vpp.原句為It seems that he walked/has walked a long way.把he搬到前面當主詞 He seems to h

13、ave walked a long way.若兩個動作無先後之別, 用法: 推動 + to be.It is believed that he is innocentHe is believed to be innocent.so that , not but (rather) 前後時態應一致. (大部分的連接詞都是)occur, collide, marry, divorce, die 不可用完成式, 因為只在短時間內發生, 接下來為狀態. He has died for ten years. (X) He has been dead for ten years. (O) dead 是adj

14、.in the past few years: 在過去幾年, 應用現在完成式.(these years, from a boy, up to now, just, already, recently, so far, yet, lately)expect, hope 不用未來式, 因為本身就有未來的意思.before, after兩邊時態可一致, 不一定要用過去完成式. (因為原本就可以看出來了)9. 不當省略(P.24)連接詞前後 a. 關代即使相同都不可省 b. 副詞不可省 c. 動詞時態要小心 d. 介詞相同, 受詞不同, 介詞不可省(因為要加強語氣, 若不要加強的話可省, 但不好).比

15、較連接詞不可省 (慣用語)連接詞前後有時會用不同的關代(像是which and that ), 要小心.10. 流水句(P.21)兩個動詞, 卻無連接詞或子句.用對等連接詞接(and, but, or, for, so)改為名詞子句用” ; ”moreover, otherwise, nevertheless, then, therefore, thus (為連接副詞), 前要加” ; “11. 一致性較常考:數量要一致: 前面單數, 後面單數. 前面複數, 後面複數.人稱要一致: 前面是誰, 後面就是誰.前後主詞要一致: 在寫作文也一樣, 不要幾句話中有一堆不同人當主詞.較不常考:語氣要一致

16、: 直述直述, 假設假設, 祈使祈使.時態要一致: 不一致會改句意.主動被動要一致: 前主動, 後主動. 前被動, 後被動.直接間接要一致: 語氣要一致. 不要主詞動詞一下有倒裝, 一下又沒有.技巧: 題目V 答案N, adj, adv, 少選 (因為改變句意)不可改變句意, 除非原句句意錯或不完整.adj. + N adv. + V sweet song sing sweetly技巧: 題目 so that / such that, 答案 such that / so that 不選(改變句意)such = of a kind soMary is so beautiful a girl. (

17、強調漂亮)Mary is such a beautiful girl. (強調類型)技巧: 若選項中有such+N. 且此N在題目中找不到, 則此選項必為答案.英文中沒有soso that 的句型.so muchas to錯, 因為so與much同意.so that前後為不同主詞. so as to前後為相同主詞.會話中可只用so, 但寫作英語必與that/as to合用.such必與that/as合用.in order to = so as to (要注意主詞有無脫節)不簡潔, 用to就可以了.so as to以便as to關於.技巧: 題目so that, 答案enough決不選. 因為e

18、nough to無表目的的意思.分詞構句修飾主詞, 要注意是否與原題句意相同(原題是否修飾主詞).由介詞with引導的小子句, 形容詞通常出現於名詞之後. 否則改句意.He stood with head erect. 由while head is erect. (whilewith, isbeing省略) 而來. He stood with erect head.12. 加強語氣(P.32 專題P.10)技巧: 答案中若有A.連接詞+助動詞+S+V B.連接詞+S+V , 選A.技巧: 原題periodic(主要子句在後), 答案一定periodic. 原題loose(主要子句在前), 答案

19、不一定loose.技巧: 答案中有介+關代, 多選.技巧: GMAT的答案盡量選主動, 少選被動.加強語氣用主動, 不用被動. 因為被動不簡潔.tooto與sothat的差別:The problem is too difficult for me to solve.最後的it省略了, 因為主詞為problem, it也代problem. 為舊資訊.The problem is so difficult that I cant solve it.最後it不可省, 因為子句的主詞是I, 省的話就不知solve什麼了.14. 麻煩字, 片語 15. 介係詞 16. 慣用語apply to schoo

20、l 致力于，向申请，应用于，apply for scholarship 申请distinguish A from B. distinguish between A and B.account for 佔多少比例, 說明, 對負責on account of 因為, 由於undergo + N 經歷, 忍受temperance movement 禁酒運動draw on 利用(尤其指$)be concerned about 關心be concerned with 與有關be concerned in 參與cast a vote 投票mind N聰明人.take turns + to V / (in)

21、 Vingfamiliar withcare aboutsustain damage 遭受損害rate 當錢時, 用for soaring rates for insurance.lack為Vi時用: lacking + Ving.we are lacking in food.such as + N/Ving 舉例說明不用like. 舉例不重要, 重要的是說明.such as as such確切而言difficult of Ndifficult to Vdifficult for N to Vhave/get obj. + Vpp 是別人做, 非自己做.I had my shoes clean

22、ed.in addition to = besides.great + Ngreatly + V.very + adj. adv.three consecutive hours表姿態, 方向的動詞及keep + Ving/Vpp物質名詞( protein, wheat ), 抽象名詞(danger)不加冠詞the + 三點水 (有三點水的N, 要加the)the + 神聖的東西the Declaration of Independence.a / the number of numbers ofa / the number of 可當主詞numbers of 不可當主詞whether / if

23、:只有作為及物動詞的受詞或前面有N時都可用.當主詞時一定用whether.(O) whether to. (X) if to.(O) 介 + whether. (X) 介 + if.(O) whether or not. (X) if or not.技巧: GMAT中whether or not 決不選, 因為or not 可省, 違背簡潔原則, 所以一定不可以有or not.當”是否”用時, 前面一定要有?時才可用? except:技巧: excepting永遠不選, 現在都用except就好了.with the exception of = exceptexcept將除外 besides除

24、之外except 為同類比較.except + 介 為不同類比較. 介95%用for, 其餘看後面接什麼(若接地區則用in on at)Except a broken chair, the room has no furniture.Except for a broken chair, the room is empty.except用在直述中, but for用在假設中:But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp) 若不是N, S應該.= If it were not / (had not been) for N = Were

25、 it not for N / (Had it not been for N)= Without Nto / for 表目的用to必對N + for + Ving (for表目的若後面為Ving, 則前面必為N, 要考慮N與Ving是否一致)若句意沒有表目的的意思, 則答案不要用.tens of thousands 成千上萬figure數字符號(AT中看到figure通常對)number 數目數額, 數量, 百分比用more, less.比率用higher, lower.價格用high, low. 物體才可用expensive, cheap.a check for $1000. 不可用of.n

26、o less A than B = as A as Bnone the less = all the timecompetition 競爭, competitiveness 競爭力.worry + aboutestimate + N + to be N(adj)estimate + N + at Nestimate (that)ascribed / attributed A to B 把A歸於B.advantage of A over B A的好處比B多.there 必加副詞.(X) There is a book.(O) There is a book on the desk.associa

27、te with 結交enough to 為定格(X) enough + that / so as to / so tobecause of / as a result of / in spite of / on account of / despite / between / among 後面盡量用N.因為是表示狀態, 而非動作.prevent / prohibit / keep / inhibit / discourage / stop / withhold等所有與禁止有關的介詞都用from.並盡量在其後接表動作的Ving. from前要加受詞. 只有forbit + to 例外另外, 所有

28、與禁止有關的字不可用that子句.keep + O + from Ving avoidban 是禁令, A不准作B要用must not, 不能用can not.be known as 身分be known to 動作while 在GMAT中, 95%=雖然whilewhen: while 正當, 常用進行式; when = as 當.while = whereas 反之, 而.at the time不簡潔.cost + of(X) cost + to人+ believe = 人+ be convincedthe same as + S: I use the same book as you.t

29、he same that + S + V: I use the same book that you do.the same as 與as as後面的as由語意決定, 做連接詞最多, 亦可做關代. 但絕無介係詞.someone = a person the personone in four 每四個中一個 one of four 四個裡面的一個to the extent 到程度 extent 程度技巧: 答案中, 若extent後無to, 不選.require + (of) N / (of) N to V / that + 原Vorder + SB to do ST / that + S +

30、原V(O) in danger of(X) in danger toregard A as B = consider A (to be) B(X) consider A as B 本來就錯.(X) consider A to be B 違背簡潔.被動: A be regarded as B = A be considered Baccept = regard: 認為(O) accept + that(X) regard + thatregard A as B = accept A as B = think of A as B = see A as B = view A as B:A為受詞, B為受詞補語(adj./N.).pay-as-you-go 能力區分制技巧: 若在選項中看到the/an increase in 必選.技巧: ,+practice 必選.one , another , the other 三個以上才會用到another.若是只有二個, 應該用each other. 或 one , the other publish V.publication 抽象N. 出版. 可數出版品.be prepared forbe likely to 可能 be lia