译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习.docx

1、译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习Unit 1 Present and past现在完成时（1）一、现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由“助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。例句：He has already finished his homework. 他已经做完作业了。He hasnt finished his homework yet. 他还没有做完作业。-Has he finished his homework yet? 他已经做完作业了吗？-Yes,

2、 he has./ No, he hasnt. 是的，做完了。/不，还没有。二、现在完成时的用法表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。-Would you like some bread? 你想要一些面包吗？-No, thanks. I have had my breakfast. 不，谢谢，我已经吃过早饭了。（对现在的影响：不饿）-Why dont you drive to your office? 你为什么不开车去办公室啊？-Because my car has broken. 因为我的车坏了。（对现在的影响：车没办法开了）表示从过去开始一直持续到现在, 也许还会继续下去的动作或状态

3、。He has studied English for 6 years. 他已经学习英语六年了。Mary has been busy since she came back from Hangzhou. 自从从杭州回来，玛丽一直在忙。三、常和现在完成时连用的时间状语用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。We have already finished our homework. 我们已完成作业了。They havent finished their homework yet. 他们还没有完成作业。用ever “曾经”和never“从未”。

4、它们多用于否定或疑问句中。Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, so far, until now, in the past few years等。I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He has been there three times in the las

5、t few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。用for+一段时间，since+时间点。Ive lived here for 15 years. 我已经在这里住十五年了。Ive lived here since 15 years ago. 自从十五年前我就住在这里了。Mr. Green has worked here since he came to China. 自从来到中国，格林先生一直在这里工作。Unit 2 Travelling一 have/has been to 与have/has gone to【教材典句】1.Millie and Amy have been to South Hi

6、ll. 米莉和埃米去过南山。2.Kitty and her family have gone to Hong Kong. 基蒂和她的家人去了香港。3.She has gone to the bookshop. 她去了书店。4.My cousin has been to Xian twice. 我堂兄去过西安两次。上面1、4句中含有短语have/has been to，表示“去过某地”，2、3句中含有短语have/has gone to，表示“去了某地”。四个句子都用了现在完成时。【语法全解】 (1)“have/ has been to +地点名词”表示“去过某地”，表示某人的一种经历，说话时已

7、不在那个地方，常和once, twice, never, ever等连用。当地点为副词时，则要省掉no。-Where have you been？ 你去哪儿了？-Ive been to the post office. 我去邮局了。（人已不在邮局）-Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你曾去过上海吗？-No, Ive never been there. 没有，我从来没有去过那儿。(2)“have/has gone to+地点名词”表示“去了某地”，说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上、已在某地或在回来的路上，所以此句型常用于第三人称，不能与时间状语once, twi

8、ce, never, ever等连用，也不能和for以及since构成的短语连用。-Where is Simon? 西蒙在哪儿？-He has gone to Australia with his family. 他和家人一起去澳大利亚了。（人已不在这儿，在去澳大利亚的路上、已在澳大利亚或从澳大利亚返回的途中）助记 have/has been to, have/has gone to意不同，两者用法当分清。 have/has been to+地点，“曾经去过某地”行； have/has gone to+地点，“已去某地”人无踪。【拓展】“have/has been in +地点名词”表示“在某

9、地待过（多久）”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经3天了。We have been in China since 5 years ago. 我们自从5年前就来中国了。How long have you been in New York? 你在纽约多久了？二 非延续性动词与延续性动词【教材典句】1.We havent seen each other since last week. 自从上周以来我们就没见过面。2.Mr. Dong has lived here for many ye

10、ars. 董先生住在这里很多年了。3.The film has been on for 20 minutes. 电影已经上演20分钟了。4.The first dolphin show began at 11:30 a.m. 第一场海豚表演是在上午11:30开始的。句1中的see是非延续性动词；句2中的live是延续性动词；句3中的be on表示状态，可以延续；句4中的begin是非延续性动词。【语法全解】(1)非延续性动词也称为短暂性动词或瞬息动词，这类动词所表示的动作往往在“瞬间”就完成了，动作不能“持续”，可以用于完成时态，但在完成时态的句子中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since

11、 two days ago, for two years等。如果要表示该动作的延续，就需要将其转换为延续性动词或表示状态的词。The film started two hours ago. 电影是两个小时前开始的。（正确）The film has been on for two hours. 电影已经开始两个小时了。（正确）The film has started. 电影已经开始了。 （正确）The film has started for two hours. 电影已经开始两个小时了。（错误）常见的非延续性动词有：die, buy, borrow, lend, come, go, arriv

12、e, stop, finish, leave, open, close, begin, start, see, marry, join, hear等。(2)延续性动词，是指动作可以延续的动词，可以跟表示持续一段时间的时间状语连用。常用的延续性动词有：keep, have, last, run, eat, drink, sing, sleep, sit, teach, live, stay等。I have kept the book for two days. 这本书我已经借了两天了。He will stay here for a week. 他要在这里待一周。(3)非延续性动词所表示的动作不能

13、持续，若要跟for或since等表示一段时间的状语，则该非延续性动词要用延续性动词或表示状态的词来替换。Jim left his hometown last year. 吉姆去年离开了家乡。=Jim has been away from his hometown for a year. 吉姆离开家乡一年了。常见的非延续性动词和对应的延续性动词或表示状态的词：非延续性动词 延续性动词/表示状态的词die be deadborrow keepbuy/catch haveget up be upcome/arrive/go be in/atfinish/stop be overleave be aw

14、ay (from)open be openclose be closedbegin/start be onmarry be marriedjoin be in/ be a member of(4)非延续性动词的现在完成时的否定式可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，因为非延续性动词的这种否定形式构成一种状态，而这一状态是可以持续的。例如：He hasnt bought any sweets for a year. 他已经有一年没有买糖果了。 I havent seen Mr. Zhang for ages. 我好几年没有看到张先生了。Unit 3 Online tours一般过去时与现在完成时一般

15、过去时和现在完成时的主要区别：. 侧重点不同。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，侧重于现在的情况；一般过去时表示过去某个时候发生的动作、存在的状态，与现在没有关系。例如：We have already cleaned the classroom.我们已经打扫了教室了。（现在教室干净了）We cleaned the classroom this morning.今天早上我们打扫了教室。（教室是今天早上打扫的，至于现在是否干净，无从得知）.时间状语不同。现在完成时常和already，yet，just，never，before，so far等词语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用；

16、一般过去时常和yesterday，last week，just now，in 2004，two days ago等具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。例如：He has never seen her before.他以前从未见过她。He saw her three days ago.三天前他看见了她。. 对谓语动词的要求不同。现在完成时可表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态，此时往往和表示一段时间的状语连用，这时谓语动词要用延续性动词而不是非延续性动词；一般过去时中的谓语动词没有延续性或非延续性的。例如：He has been away from his hometown for twenty ye

17、ars.他离开家乡已20年了。（此处谓语动词不能用has left）He left his hometown twenty years ago.20年前他离开了家乡。Unit 4 A good read疑问词+动词不定式一定义：由两部分构成：疑问词和动词不定式（wh-+to do）。疑问词部分包括疑问代词who, whom, what, which和whose以及疑问副词when, where和how。此外，连接词“whether”也适用.它主要具有以下几种功能：当主语 例如： When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. Where t

18、o live is a problem. 当宾语，常接在forget, find out, discuss, decide, tell, teach, know, learn, wonder, remember等动词之后作宾语 例如： We must know what to say at a meeting. He could not tell whom to trust. Do you know how to play bridge? 当表语，例如： The problem is where to find the financial aid. The question is who to

19、 elect. 当名词同位语，如： 例如：Tom had no idea which book to read first. The question whether to confess troubled the girl.用于宾语补足语,双重宾语。某些动词后可接“sb.+ 疑问词 + 不定式”构成的双重宾语，这类动词常用的有advise, ask, show, teach, tell等例如： I can tell you where to get this book. I ask her how to learn English. He will advise you what to do

20、. Will you show me how to use the machine?作介词宾语：某些介词后面可接疑问词不定式作宾语，这类介词常用的有 about, as, from, in, of, on, with等。例如：He has no idea of how to answer this question. Della had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. (which是关系代词) You have a number of topics from which to choose. 你有很多题目可以选择。(which是关系代词)

21、二用法：A、“特殊疑问词动词不定式”这种结构可以把复合句转为简单句。例如： I dont know what Ill do next. = I dont know what to do next. The doctor told him when he should take the medicine. = The doctor told him when to take the medicine. 同样，因为“特殊疑问词动词不定式”这种结构相当于一个名词性从句，所以可用同等成分的从句代替，从而把简单句转换为复合句。改写时只需在疑问词后加上适当的主语，并把不定式改为适当的形式的谓语即可。 例如

22、：Which to choose is important. = Which we should choose is important. The question is where to go. = The question is where we should go.B、“特殊疑问词动词不定式”这种结构可构成独立问句。例如：What to do? 怎么办？ How to get rid of the trouble? 如何摆脱困境？三、按照英语语法的习惯，疑问副词why后不直接跟动词不定式误：I dont know why to choose that dictionary.正：I don

23、t know why you must choose that dictionary.但它可以接不带to的动词不定式，即动词原形，构成why do sth./ why not do sth. 肯定形式是表示某动作是不必要的或没有意义的，而否定形式是表示向某人提建议和表达看法，相当于祈使句。例如：Today is Sunday. Why not go out to relax yourself? Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value.must与have to的用法一、must 与 have to 的区别 情态动词must和have

24、 to都有“必须”的含义，它们的用法如下：（一）、 must “必须”、“应该”的用法:1.must 表示“必须”、“应该”。例如：We must protect our environment. Everyone must obey the rule.2. must的否定形式must not表示“不应该”、“禁止”、“不准”。语气比较强烈。 例如：You mustnt speak like that. You mustnt be late for school.3.在回答must的问句时，肯定形式用must来回答，但否定形式用neednt 或dont have to来回答。而不用mustnt

25、来回答例如：Must I be home before 8 oclock? Yes, you must. No, you neednt./No, you dont have to.（二）、have to 表示“必须”、“不得不”，例如：He has to stay in bed for 3 or 4 days. We will have to get up early tomorrow. 补充：have got to是 have to的口语形式。 例如：Ive got to leave for Nanjing.*Must与 have to的区别： must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have

26、to则表示的是客观需要。Must一般只有现在时，而have to有更多的形式。例如：I must go now.(主观看法) My mother is ill, so I have to go now.(客观需要)*Have to与 have got to的区别： have got to虽然是have to的口语形式，但二者在用法上有严格的区别： have to的前面还可以用情态动词或助动词，而have got to却不可以； have to的否定形式为dont/doesnt /didnt +have to,疑问式为Do/Does/Did + 主语 + have to?而 have got t

27、o的否定形式是在have后加 not,疑问式把have提前。 We dont have to go home. Do you have to go home? We havent got to go home. Have you got to go home?练习：Unit 5 Good mannerstoo.to 与 enough.to1. “.形容词或副词+enough(for sb.) to do sth.”结构的意思是“（对某人来说）足够.以至于能做某事”。例如：The boy is old enough to go to school.The hall is big enough t

28、o hold 100 persons.扩展：enough to 结构和so.that结构可以转换。“enough to”结构引导的句子是简单句，而“so .that”引导的句子是复合句。例如：The young man is strong enough to carry that heavy box.The young man is so strong that he can carry that heavy box.2. too.to结构的意思是“太.而至于不能.”，表达一个否定的结果。其中too的后面加形容词或副词。例如：My little brother is too young to

29、look after himself.too.to 句型可以跟so .that句型互换，所以上述的句子还可以改成：My little brother is so young that he cant look after himself. 扩展：当“enough to” 结构与“too.to”结构转换时，形容词或副词要作出相应的变化，即：enough前的形容词或副词与too后的形容词或副词为反义词，同时应该改为“not .enough to”的形式。too slow to.=not fast enough totoo bad to.=not good enough to3. 在“too.to”

30、和“enough.to”结构中，如果动词不定式和主语构成动宾关系，则动词不定式所在动词后不能重复用代词。例如：The problem is too hard for the girl to work out.(正确)The problem is too hard for the girl to work it out.(错误) Unit 6 Sunshine for allIt is adj. to do sth.句型1、It is + 形容词+ 动词不定式动词不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，常常用it作形式主语（it 无词义），而把真正的主语即动词不定式后置。例如：To learn En

31、glish well is not easy. = It is not easy to learn English well.2、It is + 形容词+ for sb. + 动词不定式若要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在动词不定式前加for sb.，其中sb.与不定式存在逻辑上的主谓关系。此句型中的形容词与事物的特征有关，表示客观情况。常见的这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, dangerous, possible, interesting等。例如：Its necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.句中的it是形式主语，for the students 是动词不定式短语to do eye exercises的逻辑主语。拓展：It is + 形容