1、怎样才能提高写作能力怎样才能提高写作能力?要想用英语把文章写好,首先需要打下牢固的语言基础,即相当程度的语言造诣、良好的语言修养和敏锐的语言感知能力。写作者必须懂得写作的具体步骤,了解写作的性质,掌握写作的技巧。更为重要的是,中国学生还必须解决用英语思维的问题。不懂得英美人思维方式的人,无论语言功底有多深,是写不出地道的英语文章的。 英语语言的功底指对这门语言中各种语言知识的掌握和运用能力,其中包括用词的准确和精炼、修辞手段的自如运用、时态的准确运用以及语法和句法结构的熟练掌握等。写作中常出现的问题是用词欠准确,这主要是由于对词意和词在不同的语境中所产生的不同语意把握不好所致,而词汇量的贫乏也
2、无疑是造成用词欠妥的一个重要因素。当然,掌握了一定词汇量而不懂得修辞知识的人仍不可能把文章写好。 除了语言功底,写作者还必须清楚写作的具体任务、写作的特殊性以及写作所需要的各种技巧。写作是一种综合的智力活动,其作品是以思想为基础,以语言为工具而创造出来的艺术品。写作不仅需要丰富的想象力,还需要严谨的语言逻辑和独特的思想。否则,文章决不可能成为语言的佳作。中国人用英语写作还面临一个思维方式的转变问题。不熟悉英语语言思维方式的人,无论有何等高超的写作技巧,都不可能创造出优美地道的英文作品。尤其是有很多学生在用英语写文章之前总习惯先用中文列出提纲,然后按照列出的中文提纲从事英语的写作。以这种方式写出
3、的文章是可想而知的。 总之,思维方式的转变、对写作性质的深入了解、树立英语写作的正确意识是创造成功的英文作品的前提。如果您已经下决心提高自己的写作能力,请阅读以下文章:英语写作要诀Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致,关系代词与先行词的一致。Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。Brief: 文章简为贵,要抓住要点,简明扼要。Coherence: 文理通顺,前后连贯。Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当,划分要清楚,避免使用重复字句和种子片段。Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
4、Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题,每段都应有主题句。Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。Relevant: 文章一定要切题。Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。Strait: 开门见山,直来直去。Style: 文体恰切,适合内容要求。Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。Theme: 选题得当,主题突出。英语作文的文章的开头一篇
5、文章通常可分为三个部分,即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体,直接影响到文章的质量。 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下于引起读者的兴趣。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种:1开门见山,揭示主题文章一开头,就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是:I Spent my last vacation happily下面是题为Honesty(谈诚实)一文中的开头:Honesty is one of the best virtuesAn honest man is alw
6、ays trusted and respectedOn the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a liar,and is looked upon by honest people2交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如A Trip to Jinshan (去金山旅游)的开头:The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long tr
7、ip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3. 回忆性的开头用回忆的方法来开头。例如A Trip to the Taishan Mountain(泰山游)的开头是:I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头:People often say th
8、at gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy,
9、the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 6交待写作目的的开头。在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如 Pollution Control (控制污染)的开头:In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英
10、语作文的文章的结尾文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。 文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种:1首尾呼应,画龙点睛在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如I Cannot Forget Her (我忘不了她)的结尾:After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regr
11、ets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2重复主题句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾:I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3. 自然结尾随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾
12、:I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late. 4含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾:Evening came before we realized it. We put down
13、 our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5用反问结尾虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如 Should We Learn to Do Housework? (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls?6指明方向,激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行
14、动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.文章的结尾没有一定的模式,可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是,一些记叙文和描写文经常
15、采用自然结尾的方法;但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语,以便使文章首尾呼应,结构完整英文写作中词语的选择1词语选择的重要性 在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中,编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻:“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion:it is a courtesy to others,and a favor to yourself-a matter of pres
16、enting yourself well in the eyes of the world. 显然,说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多,因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国,古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想,因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔,或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。2词语选择的可能性实际上,我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库,只要我们肯去发掘,往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。从客观条件广看,我们有各种类型的词典和参考书,
17、只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读,写作时勤查考,就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然,一部好词典也不会毫无缺点,更难以面面俱到,因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话:Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.3词语选择的三项标准关于择语标准,人们说法不一,但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然,某词语用得是否符合要求,不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼,还要看其具体使用场合,包括同其他词语搭配
18、等。1)择语的准确性准确性,就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式,正如有句英语俗语所言:Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.著名美国作家马克吐温说:“用词准确与用词几乎准确,这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the
19、 lighting bug)为了择语准确,必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说,含义各不相同:He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highway
20、s after the earthquake in that area.反之,也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义,如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia,the blues,the dismal in the dumps,low等词语表示。要做到准确选择,有必要注意词语的两种意义:“基本意义”(denotation)和引申意义(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身,或客观的固有含义,后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义,往往比较含蓄,带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思,如顾客问营业员:“May
21、 I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的,当然并不是说质量可以不好,但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思,这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上,需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族,在一定的条件下可以转化,如labor一词通常带抽象含义,但并非一成不变。试比较:A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.B)In the GM con
22、tract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义,泛指各种社会劳动,B句中labor为具体含义,特指WAW,即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。2)择语的鲜明度准确性是鲜明度的前提,也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而,鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标,为此,应从两个方面加以注意:A在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语,如:do somethi
23、ng for(不用perform,accomplish),用endfinish a letter (不用terminate,conclude)。B多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想,因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去:mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other,(an entirely)complete confidence,repeat the question(again),return(back) from abroad,etc3)择语的生动感生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness),它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的
24、基础上的,否则,单纯追求生动或优雅,就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)记叙文指导记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容,以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。以写人为主的记叙文,应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写,考生应根据写作的要求,灵活掌握,突出重点。以写事为主的记叙文,应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果),应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整,注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。以与景为主的记叙文,应该注意景物的主要特征,景物描写的层次,以及人与物的情感交融。记叙文写作要点如下: 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想,段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开,避免
25、空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题,即:when?该事发生的时间,where?该事发生的地点,who?人物角色是谁,what?发生的是什么事,why?该事发生的原因,以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。 一篇记叙文,无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实,因此,在下笔时必须明确:该从何处开始叙述,该在何处结束叙述,以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法,但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练,以情节发生时间的先后为序。记叙文范文欣赏记叙是一种表现人物活动,经历或事物的发生,发展,变化过程的写作方法
26、。它可以是讲述自己的经历,也可以解释一个观点。记叙以描写事件为主,其中“五个W”是叙述的要点。记叙一般以时间为顺序。记叙文不同于其他文体,它可以没有主题句,结论句,所叙道理隐含于故事之中。如:It was a cold day in winter. An ant was bringing out some grains of corn he had gathered in summer to dry them. A grasshopper, who was very hunger, saw the ant and begged him for some corn, saying that he
27、 was dying of hunger. The ant looked at the grasshopper and asked him what he had done in summer and why he hadnt stored up some grains of corn. The grasshopper told the ant that he had been very busy in summer and he hadnt stored any corn. The ant asked him once more what he had done in summer. The
28、 grasshopper replied that he had sung all summer. The ant angrily said to him that he could dance all winter as he had sung all summer.该段文章通过故事情节的发展使读者自然地读出“不劳无获”的结论。但是记叙性段落同样也可有主题句,扩展句和结论句的支持,练习写作时应予以注意。1. 记叙文的基本要求1)主题要明确,内容要充实。文章中的故事要有头有尾,要有高潮,要把何人,何事,何时,何地,何因几方面交代清楚,避免空泛,笼统的话。通过对人物,事物和景物的描写,表现出故事
29、的主题和作者的思想感情。2)层次分明,有条有理。继续时除了有开头语及高潮性的结尾外,还要注意描写的层次要清楚,挑选一些典型事例或细节加以理安排,用最简单易行的方法,按时间的先后顺序进行描写。3)记叙应以时间为线索,注意时间关联词的使用。I usually get up early in the morning. Then, I go to the lavatory to brush my teeth and my face. After that, I go to the sports ground to have some exercise. Lunch is at 12:00. After
30、 lunch, I take a nap. In the afternoon, I go to the library. When evening comes, I watch TV for a while. Then I listen to the English broadcast, or prepare my lessons in the classroom. I usually go to bed when the close strikes 11.4) 主次分明,详略得当。对一件事情的叙述不能平均用墨。能够突出主题的情节要详写,不能突出主题的情节要简写或不写。如下面一段文字的主题句是
31、Traveling can have its exciting though frustrating movements.应是突出的重点。从段落中我们可以看到描写这两点的很多细节:司机是如何弄到活鸡送到家中同时又担心拿不到手提箱而赶不上飞机的焦急心情。作者对他们最后怎样到达旅馆、怎样及时到达机场描写得很少,尽管它们也是这个事件的一部分。Traveling can have its exciting, though frustrating moments. A few years ago I spent a week in America. The week was over, to my su
32、rprised, that I had left one of my suitcases at my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and explained my situation to the driver. We sped off in the direct of my hotel. Suddenly, the taxi driver slowed down so he could talk with the driver of a truck moving along the road next to us. The truck contained live chicken. Witho
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