初中语法知识Amber.docx

1、初中语法知识Amber初中语法知识名词（n）一.分类:普通名词，专有名词（月份星期等）专有名词大写二.名词的数:可数名词，不可数名词（一）可数名词的复数规则变化1.一般情况加s；2.以e结尾加s;3.以s, x, sh, ch结尾加es;4.以o结尾加s. 两人两菜加es(Negro, hero, potato, tomato);5.辅音字母y 结尾，变y为i, 再加es;6.f/fe结尾，变f/fe为v,再加es.（二）可数名词的不规则变化1.单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer(fish作鱼讲，单复数同形，作种类讲，加es)2.不规则词:foot-fee

2、t, man-men, child-children(三)不可数名词:没有复数1.量的表达:a piece of bread/a cup of tea two pieces of bread/three cups of tea a bowl of rice2.表示多少:much, (a)little, (只能修饰不可数名词)some, any, lots of, plenty of三.名词的所有格1.有生命的: 单数加s. eg. Marys book/teachers office复数:以s结尾加eg. students book没有s的，加seg. childrens Day2.共同拥有的

3、，在最后一个名词后加s分别拥有,在每个名词后加seg.Tom and Marys mother.Toms and Marys rooms.3.表示时间，距离，国家，城镇的词也用s的结构eg.todays newspaper4.无生命的用of结构eg.The door of the classroom四.名词做定语(修饰名词)，即nn 的结构1.名词作定语用单数eg. boy students2.man和woman作定语时，与其所修饰的名词保持一致eg.man teacher/men teachers3.sport作定语时，用复数eg.sports club冠词分类:不定冠词(a/an)-表泛指

4、 定冠词(the)表定指一.不定冠词的用法:1.不定冠词表泛指，用于可数名词的单数前a用于辅音前，an用于元音前eg.a UFO/a useful book/a university.an hour/an honest girl/an F二.定冠词的用法1.表定指，特指(上文提到过的)2.世上独一无二的事物(the earth)3.形容词和副词的最高级前(the tallest boy)4.序数词前(the first)三.不用冠词的情况1.专有名词前不用冠词(China, water)2.名词前已有限定词时不用冠词3.三餐，球类，学科，语言，年月季及节日前不用冠词eg.have lunch/

5、play basketball/speak English/in April/teachers Day/childrens Day4.固定搭配:eg.at night/at first/at last/by bus/on foot四.在有些词组中有无冠词的含义不同eg. in front of (事物外部的前面) in the front of(事物内部的前面) at table(吃饭) at the table(坐在桌子旁边)in hospital(生病住院) in the hospital(在医院里)代词一.人称代词表格第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数主格Iweyouyou

6、hesheitthey宾格meusyouyouhimheritthemadj性物主代词myouryouryourhisheritstheirn性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves1.主格作主语，宾格作宾语(动宾，介宾)2.形容词性物主代词相当于adj，作定语，其后必须跟n3.名词性物主代词相当于adj+n，其后不能再跟n二.指示代词(this, that, these, those)1.距离近:this 单数 距离远:t

7、hat 单数 these 复数 those 复数2.打电话时，用this指代自己，that指代对方三.不定冠词some:用于肯定句，修饰可数名词的复数和不可数名词any:用于否定句，疑问句，但希望得到肯定回答的用somemany:修饰可数名词的复数much:修饰不可数名词a few(肯定)+可数名词的复数few(否定)a little(肯定)+不可数名词little(否定)both:两者都，谓语动词用复数all:全部，都，表三者及以上，谓语动词用复数either:表示两者中的一个，谓语动词用三单neither:表示两者都不，谓语动词用三单(表两者否定)no one:用于指人，不能跟of短语no

8、ne:用于指人或物，常与of短语连用eg.No one likes apples.None of the students like/likes apples.指物用三单，指人三单原形都可以5.it:同类同物that:同类不同物，通常指代不可数名词(复数用those)one:同类中的一个ones:同类中的多个6.othern 泛指 others 不加n, 泛指 the other 定指 the others 定指another 又一，再一7.由some, any, no, every与thing, one, body, where构成的合成词定语后置eg.something important

9、(adj修饰不定代词，位于不定代词之后)不定代词作主语，谓语动词用三单eg.Everyone is here.四.疑问代词who/whom/whose指人which/what指物数词一.了解100以内的基数词和序数词构成1.基数词112:one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319:thirteen, fourteen, 在39后加teen.特殊:nineteen2090整十:twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, n

10、inety非整十:ninety-nine, one hundred and thirty-one注意:百位和十位之间用and连接，十位和个位之间用-连接2.基数词表数量，序数词表顺序，通常与定冠词the连用3.基数词变序数词规律基变序，有规律，多数词尾th1，2，3特殊记，词尾字母t, d, d8去t, 9去e, f 来把ve 替，然后再加th整十变y为ie,然后再加th假若遇到几十几，只变各位就可以onefirst, twosecond, threethirdeg.thirty-threethirty-third二.掌握有关年，月，日，时刻，年龄，年代，长度(宽，高)，编号的表达1.in 2

11、009, in 1999, in the 1980s(20世纪80年代)2.in April, on April 16(th)3.8:55 at 8:55/eight fifty-five/five to nine9:05 five past nine4.年龄:Im 15 years old.I am a fifteen-year-old boy.5.100 meter long/wide/high(长/宽/高)6.房间:Room 302班级:class 1, Grade 92路公交:the number /No. 2 bus三.hundred 和 hundreds of 的不同含义和区别1.

12、若有具体数字则用单数，如后有of 则用复数eg. two hundred students(两百个学生)/hundreds of students(成百上千的学生)注意:两种结构不能同时使用2.类似:thousand, million(百万) 用法一样四.分数的表达分子用基数词，分母用序数词eg.1/3 one third分子大于1， 分母用复数eg.2/3 two thirds形容词，副词形容词修饰名词作定语，或位于系动词后作表语副词修饰动词(修饰动词用副词)一.形容词或副词的比较级和最高级1.比较级的构成，最高级的构成(1)单音节和部分双音节:一般在词尾加er或esteg.tall-tal

13、ler-the tallest以e结尾去e加er或esteg.late-later-the latest重读闭音节:双写最后一个辅音字母再加er或esteg.easy-easier-the easiest(healthy, friendly, funny, early)(二)多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more 或 mosteg.beautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful2.不规则词构成good/well-better-bestmany/much-more-mostbad/badly/ill-worse-worstlittle-less-least

14、far-farther-farthest(表距离远近)far-further-furthest(表程度深浅)3.比较级的用法(1)表两者的比较(2)结构:比较级thaneg.Lucy is taller (than Mary)4.最高级的用法(1)表示三者及以上的比较(2)结构:the+最高级eg.Lucy is the tallest (in our class)二.两者在某一方面相同时用as+(形/副)原形aseg.English is as important as math.表示一方不及另一方时，用not as/so aseg.English is not so difficult a

15、s math.三.特殊用法1.比较级and比较级 越来越eg.taller and taller 越来越高2.the+比较级， the+比较级 越就越eg.The more, the better 越多越好3.the+最高级+in/ofeg.He is the tallest in the class.He is the tallest of the boys.4.be the same as 与相同be different from 与不同四.形容词作定语，表语，宾补的用法1.形容词作定语，修饰名词时，放在名词前，但修饰不定代词时要后置(放在后面，定语后置)eg.an interesting

16、 book/something interesting2.作表语eg.The book is interesting.3.作宾补eg.I find it interesting to study English.五.ed形容词和ing形容词的区别eg.interested 感到(主语为人)interesting 感到(主语为物)(excited, exciting, relaxed, relaxing, tired, tiring, bored, boring)介词一.基本用法介词后跟名词，代词，动名词，介词后跟宾格二.时间名词前介词的用法年月季前要用in, 遇到几号及星期则用on上午下午又是

17、in, 具体某日上下午用on换in才能行午夜中午用at, 具体时分也用ateg.in April/on April20th/on Friday/in the morning/on a sunny morning/at night/at noon/at eight clock/at eight in the morning.三.不用介词的情况1.home, there, here 前不用to2.在this, last, next, every前不加介词eg.I bought a book last week.连词一.表并列的连词1.and和;or 或者(临近一致原则)2.bothand两者都eg

18、.Both Mary and Tom are students.3.eitheror要么要么neithernor既不也不 谓语动词遵循临not onlybut also不但而且 近一致原则二.表转折的连词1.but 但是eg.He is tired but he is happy.however 然而eg.He is tired. However, he is happy.yet 至今,常与完成时连用eg.I havent finished it yet.三.从属连词1.when和while; before和afteras(当，表伴随)if和as soon as until和 not unti

19、lalthoughsothat(如此以至于)so that(为了，以便)because和so注意:although不和but连用because不和so连用四.区分Where were you born?I dont know where you were born.When did you get it?When he came in, I was doing homework.if的不同含义eg.If it is sunny tomorrow, we will have a basketball watch.(if作如果讲，主将从现)Do you know if she likes Engl

20、ish?Do you know if she will come here tomorrow?动词一.动词的分类:系动词(be)，助动词(do， does)，情态动词，实意动词1.系动词:后跟形容词常见的系动词:be，become， get， turn(变得)， look， seem， sound， smell， taste， feel， keep， stay2.助动词:do，have:have down;had down二.情态动词:can/could， may/might， will/would， shall/should， must1.情态动词无人称和数的变化，其后跟动词原形2.表推测的

21、用法:must(肯定)， can/could/may/might(不确定的推测)， cant(否定)eg.It must be Marys.It cant be Marys.3.注意:Must I do it at once?Yes, you must.No, you neednt/dont have to.三.能正确使用六种时态一般现在时1.用法:表现在的状态;表经常性，习惯性的动作;表主语具备的性格或能力;eg.I like playing basketball.表客观真理.2.谓语形式:be(is， am， are)/do/does(动词原形或三单)3.常用时间状语:sometimes,

22、 always, every day, once a week, on weekends一般过去时1.用法:表过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态表过去经常性，习惯性的动作2.谓语形式:did3.常用时间状语:yesterday, three days ago, last week, just now(刚才)， in 2009一般将来时1.用法:表将来某时间要发生的动作或存在的状态表打算，计划，决定要做的事2.谓语形式:will dobe going to dothere will bethere is going to be3.常用时间状语:tomorrow, next year, in fut

23、ure, some day(某天，有朝一日)现在进行时1.用法:表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作2.结构:be+Ving3.常用时间状语:now, look, listen, these days过去进行时1.用法:表过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作2.结构:was/were+Ving3.常用时间状语:at 8 yesterday/at this time yesterday现在完成时1.用法:表动作到现在已经完成表动作从过去持续到现在，常与since或for连用eg.I have been a teacher since 2009.I have been a teacher for three

24、 years.表过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响2.谓语形式:have downeg.Mary has gone to Shanghai.3.常用时间状语:already/yet/ever(曾经)/never/just(刚刚，仅)/before/for two years/since 20094.注意:现在完成时表过去发生的动作对现在的影响一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去现在完成时不与确定的过去时间状语连用瞬间性动词的现在完成时不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用have been to去过have gone to 去了(been过gone了)句子一.分类:陈述句，疑问句，祈使句简单句，并列句，复合句

25、二.一般疑问句:以be，助，情态开头的问句，用Yes或No回答三.选择疑问句eg.Is he tall or short? He is tall.四.特殊疑问句以特殊疑问词开头的问句特殊疑问词+一般疑问语序eg.What is your name?Where do you want to go?五.反义疑问句1.陈述句+简短问句构成2.遵循前肯后否，前否后肯的原则eg.It is a nice day, isnt it? Yes, it is 是的，天气很好He never sings, does he? Yes, he does. 不，他唱歌3.祈使句反意部分都用will you六.祈使句1

26、.以动词原形开头，用来表示命令，建议等eg.Open the door, please.2.否定:在句首加dontDont open the door.七.感叹句:用what感叹名词，用how感叹adj或adv1.what+n+主谓eg.What bad weather(it is)!how+adj/adv+主谓eg.How bad the weather (is)!七.宾语从句宾语从句:动宾，即跟在动词后的句子种类:1.由that引导的eg.He said that he wanted to go home.2.由特殊疑问词引导的eg.He wants to know where you l

27、ive.3.由if/whether引导的(是否)eg.I want to know if he lives here.语序:宾语从句用陈述语序时态主句为一般现在时，从句可根据实际情况用某种时态主句为一般过去时，从句用过去的某种时态，但从句为客观真理时，用一般现在时eg.He says that Mary will come tomorrow.He said that Mary would come tomorrow.He said there is only one earth.否定前移当主句为I think/believe/guess等时，否定从句需前移(在主句中否定)eg.I think

28、he is English.I dont think he is English.状语从句一.时间状语从句1.when和while(当的时候)when引导的时间状语从句中，时态可用一般现在时，一般过去时，以及进行时while引导的时间状语从句，时态常用进行时，动词为持续性动词eg.When the teacher came in, I was sleeping.While/When I was sleeping, the teacher came in.二.条件状语从句if引导的条件状语从句中，主将从现(as soon as一就，也可表条件)三.状语从句中一般现在时表将来的用法eg.When

29、she arrives, I will call you.If you study hard, you will get good grades.定语从句一.修饰名词的句子二.who，指人常用whowhich，指物that， 指人或物eg.This is the girl who speaks English well.The girl who is swimming is my sister.I lost the watch which my father gave me.I like music that I can dance to.which与that指物时，可互换，但that比which更常见三.只用that的情况既有人又有物，最高级，序数词，修饰物的不定代词where与whicheg.The factory where my father works is very big.The village which I visited last year has changed a lot.where, when, why(reason)eg.The days that I spent in Shanghai were