第六章介词和连词.docx

1、第六章介词和连词第六章 介词和连词介词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词、名词和代词等搭配，才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间关系的词类，介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词（如：动名词v-ing）。介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。连词在句中的作用是把词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来。它不能在句中单独作句子成分。 高考重点要求：1、 介词的含义及在句中的作用。2、 介词+宾语构成短语的作用。3、 介词短语在句子中的功能的理解。4、 并列连接词和从属连接词的使用和区别。第一节 知识点概述一、介词（

2、一）表示时间的介词1.表示时间段的介词 （1）in , after in +时间段，表示从现在起往后推算一段时间 after +时间段，表示过去某时间往后推算一段时间，如：Hell come back in two days. 但钟点用after( after three oclock)He left on July 2 and returned after three days.（2）in , during 表示在一段特指的时间内，可用in 或during The work was done in / during the holidays. 表示年份、月份、季节用in , 如:in 199

3、9 ,in June , in winter（3）for the past + 时间段, during表示在最近一段时间内，句中谓语动词常用现在完成时I have been in Shanghai in the last few years.（4）for 表示延续一段时间Ill study in the U.S for two years.Ive waited for Bingo for half an hour.2.表示某一时间的介词 （1）at, onat 表示某一时刻，on 表示某一天或日期, 如:at 7:14, on Saturday morning on the night of

4、May 2一天内各段时间表达, 须选用正确的介词，请比较：in the morningon a winter / snow / cold / morningat nighton the night of March 7th in the eveningon Friday evening（2）before, bybefore 表示某一时间之前，而by 表示到某一时间止，句中谓语动词多用完成时态。如:You must get up before six. 你必须六点之前起床。By the end of last month the boy had got 4 “As”. 到上月底这个男孩已得了4个

5、A.（3）after , since after 可以表示过去某一点时间之后，通常和一般过去时连用，而since表示从过去某时间开始延续到现在的一段时间, 与现在完成时连用，如；My father lived in Shanghai after liberation .解放后我父亲住在上海.Since the end of last year the lady has given five concerts.自去年年底以来，这位女士开了五场音乐会。（4）fromto, until / till from-to表示从某一点时间到另一点时间的一段时间，而until 或till 表示某动作或状态延续

6、到某点时间。如： My mother studied in Beijing University from 1960 to 1964.从1960年到1964年我妈妈在北京大学学习。 My mother entered Beijing University in 1960, and studied there until 1964. 我妈妈1960年进入北京大学，一直学习到1964年。3.不用介词表示时间的词或词组含this, that, last, next 等表示时间的名词词组,以及某些时间的副词或名词词组前不用介词,如：this year，last summer, yesterday ,

7、the day after tomorrow 等。（二）表示事物位置的介词 （1）at, in当事物被视作一点，不强调其空间常用介词at。而表示空间内部用介词in, 如：Well meet at the supermarket .我们在超市见面I had to stay in the supermarket as it was raining hard.因为下大雨，我只好呆在超市里*动词arrive 后接at ,表示较小的地方, 如: 车站、村庄等；后接in 表示较大地方，如: 城市,地区等。（2）in, to in 表示事物在区域范围内的位置，to 表示事物相对区域范围之外另一事物的位置，如

8、： Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中国东部Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东面。in front of 表示在前面,一般不在范围内，in the front of 表示在前部，在同一范围内。（3）after, behind after 指顺序先后 ,behind 指位置在某事物之后，相对于in front of 而言, 如： He entered the classroom after the teacherHe hid himself behind the door。 他躲在门后。（4）on , in

9、on 表示“在某物表面上”。如将物看作空间，表示在其内部，用介词in。 There is a modern painting on the wall . 墙上有一副现代油画。（指挂在墙上） There is a modern painting in the wall . 墙上有一副现代油画。（指画在墙上）（5）from , off 都表示“离开”（6）above , over, below , under over , under 表示垂直的上下关系，而above, below 仅表示位置上“高于”或“低于”, 不表示垂直关系。（7）between, amongbetween 表示“两个事物之

10、间”, among 表示“三者以上的事物之间”。（三）表示运动方向的介词（1）into, inside , in 从外到内 ， 如： He went quickly into / inside the room. He went quickly out of / outside the room.（2）out of 从里到外，相当于outside, 或从里向外,相当于from She went out of the office in a hurry 她匆匆走出办公室。 The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window

11、.这男孩透过窗观看外面的公交车、小汽车和自行车。（3）on 在表面，onto 到上A boat is on the river. 一条小船在河上。He jumped onto a tree. 他跳上一棵树。（4）across 穿过一平面，through 穿过一空间 The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass. 这男孩用力踢球，球飞过草地。 The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火车飞驶穿过隧道。（5）to ,towards 朝去She walked to the bank. 她

12、步行到银行去。She swam towards the shore. 她朝岸边游去。（四）常用介词用法比较 （1）as , likeas 表示“作为”强调身份，like (介词)表示“像”As a teacher, he cares for these children.Like a teacher, he cares for these children.（2）with , in with 表示“外貌特征或附带的东西” ,“ 用作工具”in 表示”衣着” ，用某语言，也用inA man with dark glasses wanted to buy drinks. A man in blac

13、k wanted to buy drinks. The boy is learning to write in pencil / with a pencil. He retold the text in English.（3）for , to for表示“为了.” to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”， 如: He would do anything for his motherland. Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗?for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如：Its quite warm today for

14、 February.就二月的天气，今天够暖和的。What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。（4）except , besides except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义， besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分” We all failed except him. 我们都失败了，但他没有。He speaks German besides French. 除法语外， 他还会讲英语。（5）注意成对介词的用法： get into (out

15、of ) the car, jump onto (off) the platform, out of （6）介词和名词动词等有不少固定搭配和习惯用法： to ones surprise / joy, in charge of , instead of, in bed (hospital), in trouble, in a hurry, in surprise, with a smile, with one voice, according to, at once, on time, in time, in all, at last, at least, in the end, by the

16、way, for example, at the same time, at the same speed, on ones way (to), in the sun, on the football team, in line, with the help of, in red / green ，put on, look for, look after, run after, send for, enter for, pay for, showaround, listen to, arrive in / at, get to, agree with, succeed in, think of

17、 (about), wait for,二、连词（一）并列连词和从属连词的用法连词按其性质可分为：1.并列连词，如：and, or, but, so for, 等， 连接并列的词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子。例如：Rice and potatoes are common foods. （词与词）Today we can travel by plane or by train. （短语与短语）Many trees lose their leaves in winter, but evergreen trees do not. （ 句子与句子）关联连词是一类成对使用的连词例如：bothand, no

18、tbut.not onlybut also not onlybut as welleitheror neithernor关联连词必须后接同样的语法结构。如：Either the windows or the door was open .2.从属连词，如that, whether, when, because, though等，用以引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。3.从属连词引导的从句不可以与主句断开。例如：When the alarm clock rang. （不完整）4.though (although)引导让步状语从句，because 引导原因状语从句， 所以though(altho

19、ugh)不能和并列连词but ，because 不能和并列连词 so一起使用。只能单独使用。第二节 实战演练一、复习时需注意的要点1、介词一般放在名词之前，但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配，也就是说，在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如：a.动词+介词：laugh at, wait forb.形容词、过去分词+介词：be good at, be proud ofc名词+介词：pay a visit to , the key to3、 表示选择关系的连词，连接的双

20、方只取其一。常用连词有or, either.or, otherwise例如：a) You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow.b) You must get up early or you wont catch the early bus.4、 表示转折关系，连接的双方构成对比，意义上有转折。常用连词有but, however, while, only例如：a) His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.b) You can watch TV, but you must

21、finish your homework first.5、 表示联合关系，联合的双方是对等的，意义上趋向一致。常用连词有：and, both.and, neither.nor, not only.but also, as well asTo study English well, we need both diligence and careful.That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.6、 表示因果关系，连接的双方，互为因果，或者前因后果，或者前果后因。常用的连词有：for,

22、 so例如：It must have rained, for the ground is wet.二、历届高考试题分析例1、_ he did not know much English，he got out his dictionary and looked up the word.A. As B. For C. Since D. Because答案为A【解析】for，because和as虽皆可作连词用，都可表示“因为”，但用法有些区别。for引导的分句总是置于另一分句之后，常常对前一分句加以解释，两个分句之间，总是用逗号分开。because引导的原因状语从句时，往往以why问句，语气比较重，

23、传递的往往是对方未了解的新信息。as引导的原因状语从句时，往往是对方也知道的信息。本句是他拿出词典查，显然，“他知道的英语单词不多”，这是明摆着的事，所以用as最恰当。例2. John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School _ the beginning of March. A. on B. for C. with D. at答案：D【解析】 at the beginning of “在的开始”。例3. How far apart do they live?_ I know ,they live in the same neighbo

24、urhood.A. As long as B. As far as C. As well as D. As often as答案为B【解析】 首先应分析这四个短语的意义区别。这是四个意义完全不同的短语。as long as 意为“只要就”;as far as意为“到目前为止”；as well as意为“也”；as often as意为“每次，每当”，根据原题as far as I know意为“就我所知”。例4. The speech by the mayor of Shanghai before the final voting for EXPO 2010 is strongly impre

25、ssed_ my memory.A. to B. over C. by D. on答案为D。【解析】 impress sb . (with sth.)给某人深刻印象。impress on/upon sb.是固定搭配，给留下印象。例5. The home improvements have taken what little there is_ my spare time.A. from B. in C. of D. at答案为C。【解析】 这是一个宾语从句，have taken后接感叹句，其正常语序是what little of my spare time there is.例6. The s

26、unlight came in _the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.A. through B. across C. on D. over答案为A。【解析】 “从窗户缝隙中”要用介词through。through指从里面穿过，透过；across强调从面上横穿，横跨；on“在面上”；over从一地到另一地；经过一段时间或距离。译文：阳光从屋顶窗户缝隙中照射进来，把整个屋子都照亮了。例7. He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder.A

27、. as B. until C. while D. when答案为D。【解析】 as, until, while和when均可表时间，但各有不同：as强调一边一边;while“在期间/同时”，表转折；when有两种用法：当时，从句动词不限；就在此时，忽然，等于at that time, suddenly。常用的句式有：be doingwhen(正在做突然);be about to dowhen(正要做突然)；常与when连用。译文：他正要告诉我这个秘密，这时，有人拍了拍他的肩膀。例8. I know nothing about the young lady _ She is from Beij

28、ing.A. except B. except for C. except that D. besides答案为C。【解析】 except后接名词或代词，意思是“除之外”，表示从整体中除掉部分。except for后接名词或代词，意思是“除之外”，表示两种事物的类比。如：Your composition is very good, except for some mistakes.作文和错误是两个概念。except that引导句子。besides后接名词或代词，前边常有other，else等，意思是“除以外还有”。she is from Beijing是一个句子，只有except that才

29、能引导从句。例9. Dont be afraid of asking for help _ it is needed. A. unless B. since C. although D. when 答案为D。【解析】 考连词的用法及区别。答案D容易和B混淆。这里的when=if(如果、倘若)。根据句子的前后关系，应该是未发生的事情，但由when引导的时间/条件状语从句中谓语动词应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。而since(既然)引导的是原因状语从句，其谓语若是将来时，不可用一般现在时代替。译文：如果需要，就别怕向人求助。例10. They had a pleasant chat_ a cup o

30、f coffee.A. for B. with C. during D. over答案为D。【解析】 考查介词搭配。to chat over a cup of coffee意思是边喝咖啡边聊天。for和during都有“在期间”之意，但后边通常加时间；with“随着，用”；over“在(做)期间，边边”。第三节 巩固练习Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the s

31、entence.1. The doctor will be free _.A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after2. Did you have trouble _the post office ? A. to have found B. with finding C. to find D. in finding 3. We offered him our congratulations _ his passing the college entrance exams. A. at B. on C. for D. of4. If you keep on , you ll succeed