英文论文基本结构.docx

1、英文论文基本结构英文论文基本结构英文论文难，不是难在写作素材上，而是难在不熟悉专业的词汇，中国的留学生大多本身的英语基础不好，很多都是应付各种考试而准备的词汇，和英语母语的外国学生相比，中国学生写作能力则欠缺不少。还有一点，用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。本文主要在于讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，对于很多初次写作的新手来说应该有所帮助，大家可以模仿和学习，以便自己的英文论文化难为易。下面我们来看看英文论文的写作技巧有哪些？一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table

2、 of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中 Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容

3、来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决

4、定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。6.1 标题的长度标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 22) Reviewing previous research in this area第二层： Indicating the problem that has not been solved by pr

5、evious research, raising a relevant question 第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research第四层:1) Announcing your major findings 2) Outlining the contents of your paper 图8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样(见 7.2节)。而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的

6、介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇关于混合电动汽车的研究论文，大部分篇幅介绍研究背景。sample 1A Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement I. Forster and J. R. Bumby INTRODUCTION 1 The finite

7、nature of the worlds oil resources and the general concern about automobile emissions have prompted the adoption of energy conservation policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demand from oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear. 2 A transfer of energy from o

8、il to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans- port sector by the increased use of electric vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the amount Of energy that can he realistically stored on-board the vehicle without affecting payload. As a consequence of

9、this, electric vehicles must he used in situations where daily usage is well defined, for example, in urban delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric traction drives have been traditionally applied with a great deal of success. Currently th

10、e demand is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic compatibility in terms of speed and range.分析：第一层(第15段)：介绍混合电动汽车的研究背景、意义、目前的发展水平，需要解决的问题等。第1段：指出混合电动汽车的研究背景。世界石油资源的有限性及人们对汽车排放问题的广泛关注使得能源转换问题尤为重要。第2段：使用电动汽车能够从某种程度上实现能源转换。但问题是电动汽车的续驶里程比内燃机车短。所以目前要解决的问题是提高电动汽车的速度和续驶里程。3 Altho

11、ugh urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence of the road transport sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market requires vehicles that are not limited in range and have a performance compatible with internal combustion, i.e. engine vehicles. The use of

12、 advanced traction battery technology to overcome the range limitation of electric vehicles is one possible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and may in itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much greater on- board stored energy, the chargin

13、g time required will be greater than at present. 4 The range limitations of the pure electric vehicle can be overcome by using a hybrid i.c. engine/electric drive which incorporates both an i.c. engine and an electric traction system. Al- though such a vehicle can be designed to meet a number of obj

14、ectives, it has been argued that a vehicle which seeks to remove the range limitation of the electric vehicle while substituting a substantial amount of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle most worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle design on the electric drive train, the in

15、tention may be to operate in an all-electric mode under urban conditions and to use the i.c. engine for long-distance motorway driving. The hybrid mode could then he used for extending urban range and/or improving vehicle accelerative performance on accelerator kick-down.5 The concept of a hybrid el

16、ectric vehicle capable of substituting petroleum fuel is not new,第3段：市场要求电动汽车的续驶里程及工作性能与内燃机汽车媲美，但是，即使先进电池可以提高电动汽车的续驶里程，但还会有一些问题不能解决。 第4段：续驶里程可以通过使用混合电动汽车来提高。混合电动汽车上既装有内燃机，又装有电动驱动系统，在必要时使用其中一种系统。第5段：回顾并评述前人关于混合电动汽车Bosch and Volkswagen having built vehicles in the 1970s. More recently, the advent of t

17、he Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Programme in the United States of America initiated the design and construction of a Near Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) with the principal aim of substituting petroleum fuel by wall plug electricity. 6 As part of the NTHV programme,

18、 a large number of conceptual studies were conducted but on vehicles aimed at the American passenger car market. In this paper optimization studies were conducted, but now on a vehicle suitable for the European medium-sized passenger car market. Such optimization studies are important as, with two s

19、ources of traction power available, the way in which they are controlled, and their relative sizing, is fundamental to the way the vehicle performs.7 Before examining in detail the optimum control strategy for the drive train, Section 2 defines the hybrid arrangement under study. A description of th

20、e optimization process using an appro摘要的写作技巧英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。不仅参加国际学术会议、向国际学术刊物投稿要写摘要，国内级别较高的学术期刊也要求附上英文摘要。学位论文更是如此。论文摘要是全文的精华，是对一项科学研究工作的总结，对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括。本章主要介绍摘要的组成部分、写作方法、各部分的语言特点以及典型句型。1. 摘要的种类与特点摘要主要有以下四种。第一种是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分之前，目的是让读者首先了解一下论文的内容，以便决定是否阅读全文。一般来说，这种摘要在全文完成之后写。

21、字数限制在100150字之间。内容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论。第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写，目的是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅，从而决定是否能够录用。所以，比第一种略为详细，长度在200300字之间。会议论文摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时，研究工作尚未完成，全部研究结果还未得到，那么，应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。第三种为学位论文摘要。学士、硕士和博士论文摘要一般都要求用中、英文两种语言写。学位论文摘要一般在400字左右，根据需要可以分为几个段落。内容一般包括研究背景、意义、主旨和目的；基

22、本理论依据，基本假设；研究方法；研究结果；主要创新点；简短讨论。不同级别的学位论文摘要，要突出不同程度的创新之处，指出有何新的观点、见解或解决问题的新方法。第四种是脱离原文而独立发表的摘要。这种摘要更应该具有独立性、自含性、完整性。读者无需阅读全文，便可以了解全文的主要内容。以上四种摘要具有许多共性。无论哪种摘要，内容一般都包括：(1)目的(objectives，purposes)：包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。(2)方法(methods and materials)：包括材料、手段和过程。(3)结果与简短讨论(results and discussion

23、s)：包括数据与分析。(4)结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究的价值和意义等。无论哪种摘要，语言特点和文体风格也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。第二，语言必须规范通顺，准确得体，用词要确切、恰如其分，而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外，摘要的语气要客观，不要作出言过其实的结论。下面从内容、结构布局和语言特点三方面着手，讨论摘要的写作方法和技巧。2. 摘要的内容与结构一般来说，摘要必须包括研究目的，研究方法，研究结果，主要结论等内容。也就是说，摘要必须回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。2.1 学术期刊论文摘要这种摘要随同全文一起发表

24、，简短精炼是其主要特点。只需简明扼要地将研究目的、方法、结果和结论分别用12句话加以概括即可(如图所示)。至于研究背景或宗旨应在论文的Introduction部分较详细介绍，不必在摘要里介绍。TitleAuthor(s), addressObjectives,purpose,hypotheses .Methods,materials,procedures .Results,data,observations,discussion .Conclusions .期刊论文摘要结构布局例1DOES ALUMINUM ENTER THE LIQUID OONTAINEDIN POP CANS AND A

25、LUMINUM COOKWARE?Daniel T. MossCampbell, 353 North King St., Xenia OH 45385Objective: 1This investigation was performed to see if the aluminum in pop cans (易拉罐)and aluminum cookware enters the liquid they contain. It was hypothesized that aluminum does enter the liquids in aluminum cans and cookware

26、. Methods and Materials: This experiment was performed by testing seven different types of carbonated beverages and water boiled in aluminum cookware for three hours. Every hour a sample was removed for testing. The cookware consisted of a new and old aluminum pot. The colorimetric method was used t

27、o determine the concentration of aluminum. Results: The results showed that aluminum was present in carbonated beverages and in the water boiled in the cookware. Conclusions: It was concluded that aluminum existed in carbonated beverages and substances cooked in aluminum cookware, and that the conce

28、ntration of aluminum increased with time. (126 words)(本章选文中黑体部分为编者注。)分析：本摘要共8句话，126个词。第1句话指出了研究目的：装在易拉罐或铝制炊具中的液体是否含有铝。第2句是假设，铝可能真的会进人装在铝制罐子或炊具中的液体之中。第36句是实验材料、时间与方法。第7句是实验结果。第8句是结论：存放于铝制容器或炊具中的液体内含有铝，而且存放的时间越长，铝含量越高。例1中的主要句型结构如下：This investigation was performed to see 表示研究目的It was hypothesized that

29、表示假设This experiment was performed by testing 表示实验过程和方法The colorimetric method was used to determine 表示测量方法The results showed that 表示实验结果It was concluded that 表示结论例2FACTORS INVOLVED IN POAG:CAROTENOID INTAKE, EYE COLOR, ANDGIRTH MEASUREMENTSC. A. Greenell and D. M. SpillmanDepartment of Physical Educ

30、ation, Health and Sports Studies,Phillops Hall, Miami University, Oxford Oh 45056Objective: This study investigates possible effects of high intake of carotenoids(类胡罗卜素), eye color, and girth measurements(眼睛大小)on primary open angle glaucoma (POAG 青光眼). Methods and Materials: Researchers designed a questionnaire that inquired about diet and family and personal health history. This questionnaire was administered to 250 individuals suffering from glaucoma. Results and Disc