中考英语阅读理解解题技巧附详解.docx

1、中考英语阅读理解解题技巧附详解 阅读技巧一、细节理解题1.题型特点这类题在阅读理解中所占比例较大。它常常针对文章中的事实和细节进行提问,即针对(w)h-问题,如用when,where,why,how,who,which,what等进行提问,目的在于测试学生对说明文章中心思想的支撑事实和细节的理解能力。2.细节理解题主要的设问方式Which of the following is true/not true?Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?Which of the following stateme

2、nts is true according to this passage?Which of the following best describes.?Which of the following shows/gives the right relationship /position of.?When/Where/Why/Who/What/How.?3.细节理解题的解题技巧所谓“事实细节”,是指在阅读理解的短文中客观存在的事实。细节理解题的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。一般来说,应在短文中找出相关信息的位置,确定试题测试的考点。当然,有的试题还得对原文所提供的事实进行一定的分析比较,才能做出

3、正确的选择。(1)搜寻直接答案的阅读技巧先阅读所给的问题,判断其是否适合采用直接搜寻的阅读方法。如果所提问题是文章中出现的内容(即直接性答案),就可直接搜寻答案。(2)搜寻间接答案的阅读技巧阅读文章所给的问题,判断哪些题目可以依靠通读来解决。比如概括文章主题,给无标题文章选标题,指出作者的观点、意图等的题目就需要依靠通读来解决。用较短的时间大体上浏览一下阅读材料,注意文章有可能涉及什么内容,属于什么体裁,以及文章安排的大体轮廓等。从头到尾阅读一遍。一般来说,第一段或前几句包含作者的基本思想和下文的发展线索,它是全文展开的基础,为下文发展搭建了理论框架。认真阅读第一段或文章的前几句,尽量抓住其中

4、的主要情节和论点,把握全文发展的脉络。有些细节题容易出错主要有几种情况:a.干扰项多。类似的内容多而杂,需要从中找出准确答案。例如:短文同时出现多个朋友,过去现在的十几种爱好,细节题考某人过去的爱好,需要在多而杂的内容中,带上问题,逐一去寻找,比对,找到正确选项。b.迷惑性强。例:文中出现总金牌数,问题问的是奥运金牌数,粗心的考生易错选总金牌数。这类题要看清关键信息。例1Li Shizhen(李时珍)was one of the most famous doctors in Chinese history. He was born in Qichun, Hubei in 1518.Both o

5、f Li Shizhens father and grandfather were doctors. Li Shizhens grandfather was a country doctor who traveled in the countryside with a bag of herbs(药草)and medications and cured(治愈)people. His father was a doctor who wrote several books.Li Shizhen used to help his father in his medical practice when

6、he was young. Li Shizhens father wanted him to enter politics(从政). Li Shizhen studied for the exams and passed the country-level examination, but he was never able to pass the imperial(帝国的)examination.When he was 38, he cured the son of the Prince of Chu and was invited to be an official in that cou

7、rt(宫廷). A few years later, he became an official at the Imperial Medical Institute.Even though he fulfilled his fathers dream, he didnt want to continue working for the court. One year later, he left the court and returned to be a doctor again.Li Shizhen was famous for his book, Compendium of Materi

8、a Medica(本草纲目). He spent 27 years writing the book. Unluckily, Li Shizhen died before the book was officially published. It is such a successful book. Now it is still one of the most important medical books in China.1.What was Li Shizhens grandfather?A.An official. B.A prince. C.A country doctor. 2.

9、What did Li Shizhens father want Li Shizhen to do?A.To be a doctor. B.To enter politics. C.To be a prince. 3.When he was 38, Li Shizhen cured .A.his grandfatherB.the son of the Prince of ChuC.an official in that country4.According to the passage, what was Li Shizhen famous for?A.Working for the cour

10、t.B.The book, Compendium of Materia Medica.C.His long traveling.5.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.Li Shizhens life.B.Li Shizhens grandfather􀆳s life.C.Li Shizhens fathers life.例2Animals grow up in different ways. Some newborn animals are helpless but their mothers protect them. A n

11、ewborn kangaroo is very small. It is only a few centimeters(cm)long. It closes its eyes and doesnt have hair. It stays safe in its mothers pouch(育儿袋)for a long time.A newborn monkey cannot walk. Its mother carries it everywhere.Other baby animals can walk soon after theyre born. They learn to run wi

12、th their mothers when danger is near. A baby zebra can run, an hour after it is born.Some baby animals are born in a place that is safe. Baby wolves are usually born in big holes with little light. Other baby animals are born in the open. A baby elephant is often born on open land.Animals that drink

13、 their mothers milk are called mammals. A mother bears milk is rich. Baby bears have milk for a few months. This is the same with baby zebras. As baby animals grow, they need solid(固体的)food. Baby lions eat what their mother can catch!1.According to the passage, many newborn animals need their mother

14、s help because the babies cant .A.look after themselves B.eat any food C.walk by themselves2.A newborn monkeys mother carries it everywhere because .A.it is very small B.it cant walk C.it closes its eyes3.Baby wolves are usually born in a(n) place.A.open B.bright C.safe4.Newborn mammals main food is

15、 .A.mothers milk B.solid food C.smaller animals5.How many kinds of baby animals are mentioned in this passage?A.Six. B.Seven. C.Eight.二、词义猜测题题型特点这类题型旨在考查学生利用上下文对词、词组以及句子的辨别能力。利用上下文猜测词义是阅读理解的基本技巧之一,也是我们学习词汇的主要方法。在阅读过程中,有些同学一遇到生僻词语就查词典,这是不可取的。一遇到生僻词语就查阅词典不但会使我们养成依赖词典的习惯,而且还会影响阅读速度。我们阅读汉语文章时遇到不认识的词语是否都

16、查词典呢?答案是否定的。可是我们是如何理解它们的呢?利用上下文提示猜测词义就是诀窍。词义猜测题的类型主要有三种:熟词新义要求学生在某一特定的语言环境中推断某一多义词的正确意思;生词释义要求学生根据范围较小的上下文推断出词义;难句释义要求学生根据范围稍大的上下文推断句意。2.词义猜测题主要的设问方式Whats the meaning of the underlined word/phrase.in Chinese?The underlined word.refers to/probably means.The underlined word.could be replaced by.What i

17、s the meaning of.Which of the following words can take the place of the word.?3.词义猜测题的解题技巧(1)通过因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词所在部分与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词义。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等)表示因果关系。例You shouldnt have blamed him for that,for it wasnt his fault.解析 通过for引出的句子所表

18、示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。(2)通过同义词和同义关系猜测词义在文章中,有时作者为避免重复,或为了表达同一事物的不同种类,使用同义词或近义词。在这种情况下,我们就可以利用同义词、近义词的关系由熟悉的词语推测不熟悉词语的含义。通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是“愉快”的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。例 Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help

19、 of spaceships.解析 此句中的Venus(金星),Mars(火星),Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一领域。(3)通过反义词和反义关系猜测词义有时作者为了说明相反的两件事或人,使用了一些反义词或表示反义关系的词语来进行对比,我们可以利用已知单词推测未知单词的词义。通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。例He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.解析根据“not at al

20、l as handsome.”我们不难推测出homely是“不英俊,不漂亮”的意思。(4)通过构词法猜测词义在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些生词,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词义,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用。此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等构词法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。(5)通过定义或释义关系猜测词义定义或解释形式多样,常由is,that is(to say),in other words,call,mean,be considered to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent等词汇或破折号来表示。作者为了

21、更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等进行解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time.Then there is a dry period,or drought.解析从drought所在的句子我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought的意思是“久旱,旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义词。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,th

22、at is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。(6)通过举例来猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.解析pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大概的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。(7)通过描述猜测词义描

23、述即作者为帮助读者更深刻更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的描写。例The penguin is a kind of seabird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.解析从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类,即企鹅。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。(8)根据上下文猜测词义有些单词并不能直接猜测出其词义,但可以根据上下文的提示猜测出其词义。

24、例One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is,you can take something positive out of it.It wasnt until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from this tragedy.The word“positive”in the passage probably means.A.terrible B.bad C.

25、good 解析根据上文“我一直认为不管世间的事物有多么糟,你还是能发现它积极的一面。”因此答案是C。在句子或段落中,若事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例If he thinks he can invite me out,he is all wet.I dont like to be with him.The underlined phrase“all wet”means.A.drunk B.sweating C.wrong解析根据下文“我不喜欢跟他在一起”可知,他如果认为能约我出去,那就“错了”。因此C是正确答案。(9)根据生活常识猜测词义有时,我们利用自己的

26、生活常识,便可知道生词的含义。例A deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.解析从句子意思可知他想买钉子,那么卖钉子的商店无疑是五金店。(10)利用单词的发音进行推测英语中有些单词来自汉语,与汉语的发音有些相似,另外也有一些单词译成汉语时采用音译,如:sofa(沙发),coffee(咖啡),typhoon(台风),aspirin(阿司匹林),nylon(尼龙)等。因此,利用单词的发音也是一种猜测的手段。例The Olympic Games began in the 5th century BC.One

27、 day it was revealed that Mrs Morel had cancer and was beyond any help except that of morphine.解析上面这两个句子中画线的两个词,只要我们能准确发音,就能知道它们的意思分别是“奥林匹克”和“吗啡”。例1In our daily life, robots are often found to do work that is too dangerous, boring, difficult, or dirty. And we often see kids play with toy robots.But

28、what exactly is a robot?There are some important characteristics(特征)that a robot must have. These characteristics might help you to decide what is and what is not a robot. It will also help you to decide what you will need to build into a machine before it can be considered as a robot. A robot has t

29、hese important characteristics:Sensing First of all, your robot would have to be able to sense the environment around it. Give your robot sensors(传感器):light sensors(eyes), touch sensors(hands), chemical sensors(nose), hearing sensors(ears)and taste sensors(tongue).Movement A robot needs to be able t

30、o move around its environment. It can move on wheels, walk on legs or be driven by small engines(发动机). A robot can move either the whole body or just parts of it.Energy A robot needs to be able to power itself. Some robots might power itself with sunlight; some might with electricity, while others w

31、ith the battery(电池). The way your robot gets its energy will depend on what your robot needs to do.Intelligence A robot needs some kind of“smarts”. A programmer is the person who gives the robot its “smarts”. The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.1.The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 is about.A.the toy B.the characteristic C.the machine 2.The chemical sensors may help a robot to.A.see B.catch C.smell3.In how many ways can a robot power itself according to the passage?A.Two