高考英语写作训练1 定语从句.docx

1、高考英语写作训练1 定语从句写出含有定语从句的复合句【知识学习】一、概述1. 词或短语用作定语定语用来修饰名词或代词。可用作定语的词有形容词、副词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词等。The little boy needs a blue pen. (little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（in the classroom 修饰名词boy；of yours修饰名词pen）教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy to write this l

2、etter needs a pen.（to write this letter 修饰名词boy）写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（smiling 修饰名词boy；bought by his mother修饰名词pen）那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。2. 句子用作定语，如：The boy needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 该句中的“which you bought yesterday”修饰名词pen，作pen的定语。意思为：那个男孩需要你昨天买的

3、钢笔。 “The boy needs the pen which you bought yesterday.”称为复合句，其中主句为The boy needs the pen. 从句为：which you bought yesterday，充当主句中pen的定语，我们称之为定语从句。3. 定语从句的基本特征。定语从句是指在复合句中用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。连接主句和定语从句的连接词叫做关系词，关系词按其在定语从句中的功能又分为关系代词和关系副词，关系词在定语从句中充当成分，且有其意义。关系代词有：who, who

4、m, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有：when，where，why。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。我们还以上面的这个复合句为例：The boy needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 该句中的pen叫做先行词，被定语从句which you bought yesterday修饰；连接主句和从句的which称为关系词（关系代词），which在定语从句which you bought yesterday中充当bought的宾语，意指the pen。再如：I still remember

5、the day when I first met him.我仍然还记得我第一次遇见他的那一天。“I still remember the day“是主句，“when I first met him”是从句，修饰主句中的名词day，是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词day叫做先行词。连接主句和从句的when称为关系词（关系副词），when在定语从句when I first met him中作状语，意指“on the day”。注意：关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句，定语从句位于被修饰的先行词后面。二、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who

6、are playing football are from Class One.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor (whom) you

7、 are waiting for has come.你正在等的教授已经来了。The girl (whom) the teacher often praises is our monitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。3. which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.他喜欢外国作家写的书。This is the pen (whic

8、h) he bought yesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。He is the man that/who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The p

9、erson (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that/which comes after spring is summer.春天之后的季节是夏季。I dont like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。5. whose既可以用来指人，也可以用来指物，与后面的名词是所属关系，在定

10、语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已倒了的房子里。指物时，whose常可用以下结构来代替：The house whose windows are broken is empty. (whose+名词)The house the win

11、dows of which are broken is empty. (the +名词+of which)The house of which the windows are broken is empty. (of which +the +名词)Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (whose+名词)Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? (the +名词+of which)Do you like the book of which the cover is yellow? (o

12、f which +the +名词)注意：只能用that引导定语从句的情况1. 当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等不定代词时。Everything that he said was true.他所说的一切都是真的。Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？Th

13、ats all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。2. 当先行词被the very (恰恰，正好), the only，any，few，little，no，all等修饰时。This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。3. 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。This is t

14、he best way that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。4. 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？ 5

15、. 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6. 当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们谈论的人和事吗？7. 先行词在定语从句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。She is no longer the sweet girl

16、(that) she used to be.她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。He is not the man (that) he seems. 他这人不可貌相。三、关系副词引导的限制性定语从句。1. when 在定语从句中作时间状语，指时间，常可用in which，at which，on which，during which等代替。如：Spring is the season when/in which grass and trees turn green.春天是草木变青的季节。Please remember the time when/at which well start off.请记住

17、我们出发的时间。2.where 在定语从句中作地点状语，指代具体地点或抽象意义的地点(如point, situation, stage, condition, case, position等)，常可用in which，at which, from which, under which等代替。如：You should stand in the place where/in which you were just now.你应该站在你刚才待的地方。Make marks in places where/at which you have questions.在你有问题的地方做出标记。He works

18、 in a job where/in which he does not make a lot of money and benefits others. 他从事着一份薪水不高但却可以帮助很多人的工作。I had reached a point in my career where/at which I needed to decide which way to go.我的事业到了需要决定何去何从的阶段。3. why 在定语从句中作原因状语，它总是修饰先行词reason，可用for which替代。Do you know the reason why/for which Roger was l

19、ate? 你知道罗杰来晚的原因吗？四、非限制性定语从句。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。引导非限定性定语从句的引导词: 关系代词：as, which, who, whom, whose 关系副词：when, where。1. who Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长

20、于烹调。My gardener, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。2. whom 关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句首。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位

21、著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。3. whose whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位父亲是位工程师小男孩学习很努力。The play, whose style is rigidly formal, is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。4. which 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整

22、个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 which指代主句中的名词。These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist, which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 which指代主句中的形容词。She was very patient towards the child

23、ren, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless, which we should not be.她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。 which指代主句中的某个从句。He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 which指代整个主句。In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understanda

24、ble.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis, in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。5. when 关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。He will put o

25、ff the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。6. where 副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。They went to London, where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。7. as as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明，但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said

26、above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如，就像”之意。如：As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）He forgo

27、t to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）As we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。（as在从句中作宾语）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他

28、们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)8. as和which引导非限制性定语从句区别。as可以放在句首、句中和句尾，which可置于句中或句尾。当as后面有“is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时，be动词is或was可省略。as有正如一样、按照、正像、因为的意思，所以常用于肯定句，而which则用于肯定，否定都可以。在固定结构中使用as 例如：the same as 、as as。Dorothy was always speaking

29、 highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.（从句部分的意思为：这当然使别人不高兴；而不能译为正如使别人不高兴。故用which。）Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.重庆和我们在其它地方看过的城市不一样。五、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。定语从句中“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词是which(指物)，whom(指人)。掌握这个结构的关键在于对介词的正确选择，要注意以下几个问题：(1)介词与定语从句中的

30、动词是一种习惯性搭配。This is the room in which we lived last year. This is the room which we lived in last year. 这就是我们去年住过的房间。(2) 介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性搭配。 The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English. The two things which Marx was not sure about were the gram

31、mar and some of the idioms of English. 马克思在语法和英语的某些习惯用语这两方面还是没有把握。(3)介词和定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。 The pen with which he was writing broke. The pen which he was writing with broke. 他写字用的那支钢笔坏了。(4)根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。如： This is the pilot for whom I bought a

32、camera. 这就是那个我为他买了个相机的飞行员。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. 这就是那个我哥哥和他一起工作了十年的飞行员。This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是那个救了我儿子的飞行员。They thanked Tom, without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们很感激Tom，没有他的支持他们是不会成功的。(5)表示“整体中的部分”或“所有关系”时，用介词of。 He has three uncles，all of whom are doctors. 他有三个叔叔，他们全都是大夫。There are 30 chairs in the small