高中英语语法虚拟语气无答案.docx

1、高中英语语法虚拟语气无答案虚拟语气多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。 英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也

2、是英语语法的一个难点。学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。（一）虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如” “要是”等。请看一个句子：If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。请把这句话与下面虚拟语

3、气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：1） If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。（说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。）这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party. 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会，所以我不会去。2） If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加

4、聚会，我就去了。这句话主句谓语动词用“should have + 过去分词”形式，从句用过去完成时，对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设，表示与过去事实相反的情况，其含义是：She didnt invite me yesterday, so I didnt go to the party. 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会，因此我没有去。3） If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词也用过去将来时，表示的意思是，“邀请我”的可能性较小，对将来要发生的情

5、况表示怀疑。其含义是：It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。从以上例句可以看出：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系，在学习时应注意加以区别，不要混淆。现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法

6、分述如下：1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式（be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表：条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中，I，he，she，it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中，一定要用were，不能用was.I (we)should+动词原形主语+would (might,could)十动词原形1、例句：If I were you, I should study English.

7、(fact: I am not you, so I shall not study English.)If he had time, he would attend the meeting.(fact: He does not have time, so he will not attend the meeting.)If they didnt take physical exercises every day, they wouldnt be so healthy. (fact: They take physical exercises every day, so they are very

8、 healthy.)If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning. (fact: You often go to bed late, so you are always sleepy in the morning.)If this were the case, it would be very awkward.(fact: This is not the case, so it is not awkward.)2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓

9、语动词用would (should, could, might)+过去分词。见下表：条件状语从司的动词形式主句的动词形式If+主语+had+过去分词i(we)should+have+过去分词主语+could (might,could)+have 过去分词例句：If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination.(fact: You did not take my advice, so you have failed in the examination.)I would have checked my p

10、aper again if I had had more time at yesterdays examination.(fact: I did not have more time at yesterdays exam, so I didnt check my paper again.)He would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in time. (fact: He didnt see the doctor in time, so he has not recovered from hi

11、s illness.)If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday, we could have met her at the station. (fact: We didnt know that she was to arrive yesterday, so we could not meet her at the station.)You didnt let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldnt have got so tired. (fact: We didnt drive in

12、 turn, so you have got so tired.)3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：（见表）条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)主句的动词形式(1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)，通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用.(2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形I(we)should+动词原形主语+would (might, could)+动词原形请看以下句子：1）If it rains tomorrow, our pi

13、cnic will be put off. (说明：The weather has been very changeable these days.) 条件状语从句的谓语动词用现在时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。2）If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (说明：The weather has been very good these days.) 条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大。3）If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.

14、 (万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就推迟)。条件状语从句的谓语动词用should动词原形，说明下雨的可能性很小或没有可能，如果下雨，那将是出乎意料的。4）If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.这句话与上一句意思几乎一模一样。If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him.If she were to miss the train tomorrow, she might come back and start off again the day after tomorr

15、ow.万一你失败了，你准备怎么办？If you should fail, what would you do?要是我明天真的见到她，我就把真相告诉她。If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth.万一明天下雨，会议就推迟。If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.我打赌巴西会赢得世界杯。要是巴西输了，我就请你搓一顿。I bet Brazil will win the World Cup. If it should lose, I would treat

16、 you a meal.4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式：1）条件状语从句省略if：在书面语中，如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首，谓语主语之前，用 “Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。当然，如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.Now let

17、s look at some examples:If I were to do it, Id do it some other way. Were I to do it, Id do it some other way.If you should fail, try again. Should you fail, try again.If you had been here earlier, you would have seen him. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.但是，If you came tomorrow, w

18、e would have the meeting.这句话if 就不能省略。而且，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略了if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.但不能说：Werent it for the expense, I would go to Italy.Please do not use “if”：如果我是你，我每天早上就早起床。Were I you, I would get up early every morning.假如你昨天早十分钟到达火车站，你就赶上火车了。Had you

19、arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could have caught the train.要是明天有会议，我就会来。Should there be a meeting, I would come.2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。（可以改为条件状语从句）。例如：Without air, there would be no living things.But for your help, I couldnt have done it.Without electricity human life would be qu

20、ite different today.3）用其他方式代替条件状语从句（可以改写为条件状语从句。）例如：It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.She would have come, but she wasnt informed, nor invited. （用but.）=She would have come, if she had been informed or invited.A more responsi

21、ble person would not have left the work half done. 一个更负责的人是不会把工作做到一半就不管的。(用比较级) If you (he, she) were more responsible, you (he, she) would not have left the work half done.6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略，而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。1）省略条件从句，如：It would be very nice.You could have done it yourself. (省略If you

22、 had wanted to.上下文可以看出You didnt want to.) (Fact: You didnt do the work yourself because you didnt want to.)I wouldnt smoke. (省略If I were you.) (表面上说我，实际上说你。这是一种委婉的表达法。（Fact: You smoke very often. I advise you not to smoke any more.）2）省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略主句，这种句子常表示一种“已不能实现”的愿望，主要用于If only 引导的感叹句中。For ex

23、ample:If only he were here!If only I knew more!If only he had stayed with us!（二）虚拟语气的其他句型和用法1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿”, “悔不该”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”；对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：I wish it

24、 were Spring all the year round.I wish you could go with us.We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.注意：wish 与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：We hope we will succeed. (We dont know if we will succeed.)We wish we would succeed. (We know we can hardly su

25、cceed.)2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时，如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去，则谓语动词用had过去分词形式；如果指的时现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were)；指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间，与主句的时态没有关系。For example:Some metals look at first sight as though they were gold.He looked as if he were an artist.He speaks English so flue

26、ntly as if he had studied English in the U.S.He always sounds as if he would help you.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.3、在It is (high) time (that)句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略

27、)来表示。这句话的意思是“（现在）该”。For example:It is time we left/should leave.It is high time that you got married.It is time that I bought a car.Now it is time that you made some sentences by using this pattern. Think about what you should do now. 该你用这个句型造几个句子了。It is high time that I should lose some weight.It i

28、s time that I bought an apartment.It is time that we took a rest.4、在 I would rather (that)句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可”，表示说话人的意愿。For example:Id rather I were in the rain now.Id rather you did not tell him.5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如”，但suppose

29、 是动词，不是连词。如：Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do?6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中，表示“怕”“万一”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should动词原形，should 可以省略。如：She closed the windows for fe

30、ar that she (should) catch cold.The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building.7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词，如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move（提议）后面的宾语从句中

31、，谓语动词用should + 动词原形，should 可以省略，而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.We insisted that they (should) go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should) start right away.The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be

32、bombed.The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down.注意：suggest 表示“暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Insist后面强调的是事实时，宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。如：The neighbor suggested that his wife was having an affair.He insisted that he was right.Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词，或在这些动词用作名词时，名词之后的