高考英语一轮复习阅读理解之议论文解题技巧点拨 含答案解析.docx

1、高考英语一轮复习阅读理解之议论文解题技巧点拨 含答案解析高考英语一轮复习议论文解题技巧知识点1：议论文概述1.文体概述议论文也就是说理性的文章, 通常由论点、论据、论证过程和结论组成。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。2.语篇特点为了突出写作目的, 作者常在文章开头就提出论点, 以便读者对作者观点有一个比较清晰的了解。提出论点之后, 作者就会提供论据来论证论点是否正确。作者可以用来论证的方法较多, 最为常见的方法是正反论证,

2、这样的论证思路清晰, 观点明确, 说服力强, 震憾度高。论证结束之后, 作者常就论点是否正确提出明确结论, 它体现作者的写作目的和文章的现实意义。也就是说, 议论文一般会按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。3.主要题型从近几年的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：1)主旨题：考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。2)推理判断题：这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果又绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。 3)细节题：细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。这种题要求考生理解文

3、中的具体观点和具体事实。 4)词义理解题。英语词语的词意非常丰富，语境不同，词意也不同，要专心揣摩在上下文中的含义。4. 解题技巧 第一，抓论点、寻论据。阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把握了中心。 第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： 1. Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。 2. Argument/Idea Eviden

4、ce Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。 第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。知识点1：议论文概述例1：Dukuly Dogbah, a 14-year-old Liberian (利比里亚的) boy,

5、grew up in a war. He was born in the same year the Liberian war started. Since then fighting between the government forces and the rebel armies (叛军) has not stopped. Dukuly is one of around 10,000 child soldiers in Liberia. At 10, Dukuly lost contact with his family in the war and had to fight for t

6、he rebels. During the war he learnt to kill people with guns. He has killed many people and seen many of his friends die. “You have to,” he said, “because it is war.” Lots of children had to join the army. Some did it out of their own will. They thought they would be safe with a gun. The army leader

7、s use child soldiers because they are easy to control and do not get paid much. Child soldiers do terrible things. Most of them take drugs (毒品). “I cannot control myself because it makes me brave,” Dukuly said. There are 120,000 child soldiers in Africa and 300,000 around the world. Many child soldi

8、ers die and nobody cares for them. According to a United Nations report, 23 armies in the world use children. Some African and Asian countries often use child soldiers. Myanmar (缅甸) has the highest number of child soldiers in their army: around 50,000. Most of the child soldiers are under 18 years o

9、f age and the youngest is only seven years old. The UN has called for the protection of children in war. The UN Childrens Fund (联合国儿童基金会) wants African countries to ban (禁止) child soldiers. Many UN organizations are trying to take child soldiers away from war and send them back to school.批注：本文是一篇议论文

10、。文章讲述了利比里亚童子军这一现象，联合国呼吁各方要保护战争中的孩子。1. Dukuly joined the army when _.A. the Liberian war started B. his family were killed in the warC. he lost touch with his family D. the government armies caught him2. The following are the reasons for so many child soldiers EXCEPT _.A. they are easy to control B.

11、they dont get paid muchC. having a gun makes them feel safe D. they like to do terrible things3. There are _ child soldiers all over the world.A. 120,000 B. 300,000C. 420,000 D. 50,0004. According to the last two paragraphs, we know that the UN _.A. has called for people to protect children in warB.

12、 has banned African countries from having child soldiersC. has sent those child soldiers back to schoolD. has taken the child soldiers under 7 away from war1.答案：C解析：细节理解题。根据第2段第2句At 10, Dukuly lost contact with his family in the war and had to fight for the rebels.可知，答案选C。2.答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据第3段可知，A、B、

13、C三项都是原因，D项不是原因，故选D。3.答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第1句There are 120,000 child soldiers in Africa and 300,000 around the world.可知，答案选B。4.答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第1句The UN has called for the protection of children in war.可知，联合国呼吁保护战争中的孩子，故答案选A。1. “Hows Life?” report is about whether people are _.A. happy B. successf

14、ul C. rich D. healthy2. According to the OECD report, _ feel less happy about life.A. old people B. less educated peopleC. people with higher incomes D. people living near their workplaces3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor on wellbeing?A. Good jobs. B. Good living environment.C.

15、Good health. D. Many family members.4. According to the article, which of the following is TRUE?A. More and more people like to be Danish citizens.B. Economic progress should be put first for a country.C. Lots of factors affect peoples feelings of happiness.D. The report showed people in developed c

16、ountries felt happiest.1.答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据第2段In its “Hows Life?” report. to judge the levels of happiness and wellbeing of people in 40 different countries.可知，“Hows Life?”报告是对人们幸福感做的调查，故选A。2.答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第4段最后一句Less educated people and those on lower incomes, for example, tend to feel less happy abo

17、ut life.可知，受教育程度低的人和收入低的人，幸福感低一些，故选B。3.答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，影响人们幸福感的因素中，没有提到“家庭人口多”这个方面，故选D。4.答案：C解析：推理判断题。倒数第二段提到：上下班路程短；方便享受绿色环境；干净的环境；多陪同家人和朋友；身体健康；关心政治等因素，影响人们的幸福感。故选C。 知识点1：议论说理类文章议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然

18、后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。2以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。3文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。议论文文章类型演绎论证议论文是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。归纳论证议论文是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。比较论证议论文是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方

19、面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。命题要点由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。解题技巧1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。

20、例1：阅读完成下列问题For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationshi

21、ps with mother figures do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking news. In fact, its old news.In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey

22、.Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother” with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to fe

23、ed.Harlows monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybodys grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put th

24、at kid down.But Harlows work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the hospital.The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlows work shows that mothers love doesnt just make for a psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.The h

25、ighly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better than human kids on IQ tests.We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time.1. The study

26、Kim Bard and his colleagues did _.A. included 46 baby and mother monkeysB. is nothing new to people about the findingsC. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were youngD. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third pa

27、ragraph means _.A. do something for B. head for C. bring about D. connect to3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to _.A. make them live comfortably B. let them have more choicesC. give them more love D. make comparison well4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?A. Well-rai

28、sed chimps are better than people in IQ.B. Sometimes its not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone. 语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。文章主要是通过对灵长目动物的两个实验说明，母

29、爱对于小孩的成长有着非常重要的作用。因此父母亲应该多给孩子们一些爱，以让小孩们健康地成长。1.答案：B解析：细节理解题。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A项错误；根据文章第二段最后一句可知B项正确；C项没有事实依据；文章第二段第二句提到和母亲关系好的小猴认知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是这不能说明D项。2.答案：C解析：猜测词义题。缺少母爱的小猴和成为疯狂的猴子是一种因果关系，因此答案选C。3.答案：D解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知制造两个假母猴的目的是更好地比较缺乏母爱与否与小猴后来发展的关系。因此D是正确答案。 4.答案：D解析：推理判断题。文章第四、五段提到自从Harlow做了那个实

30、验后，人们就认为母亲和婴儿睡在一起对婴儿的成长好一些，因此可知D项正确。知识点2：演绎论证议论文例1：阅读回答下列问题Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does

31、 not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americ

32、ans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people ma