供应链下的多级存货管理.docx

1、供应链下的多级存货管理本科毕业论文设计 外 文 翻 译 原文 Multi-echelon inventory management in supply chains Historically the echelons of the supply chain warehouse distributors retailers etc. have been managed independently buffered by large inventories. Increasing competitive pressures and market globalization are forcing

2、firms to develop supply chains that can quickly respond to customer needs. To remain competitive and decrease inventory these firms must use multi-echelon inventory management interactively while reducing operating costs and improving customer service. Supply chain management SCM is an integrative a

3、pproach for planning and control of materials and information flows with suppliers and customers as well as between different functions within a company. This area has drawn considerable attention in recent years and is seen as a tool that provides competitive power .SCM is a set of approaches to in

4、tegrate suppliers manufacturers warehouses and stores efficiently so that merchandise is produced and distributed at right quantities to the right locations and at the right time in order to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements .So the supply chain consists of vario

5、us members or stages. A supply chain is a dynamic stochastic and complex system that might involve hundreds of participants. Inventory usually represents from 20 to 60 per cent of the total assets of manufacturing firms. Therefore inventory management policies prove critical in determining the profi

6、t of such firms. Inventory management is to a greater extent relevant when a whole supply chain SC namely a network of procurement transformation and delivering firms is considered. Inventory management is indeed a major issue in SCM i.e. an approach that addresses SC issues under an integrated pers

7、pective. Inventories exist throughout the SC in various forms for various reasons. The lack of a coordinated inventory management throughout the SC often causes the bullwhip effect namely an amplification of demand variability moving towards the upstream stages. This causes excessive inventory inves

8、tments lost revenues misguided capacity plans ineffective transportation missed production schedules and poor customer service. Many scholars have studied these problems as well as emphasized the need of integration among SC stages to make the chain effectively and efficiently satisfy customer reque

9、sts e.g. reference. Beside the integration issue uncertainty has to be dealt with in order to define an effective SC inventory policy. In addition to the uncertainty on supply e.g. lead times and demand information delays associated with the manufacturing and distribution processes characterize SCs.

10、 Inventory management in multi-echelon SCs is an important issue because there are many elements that have to coordinate with each other. They must also arrange their inventories to coordinate. There are many factors that complicate successful inventory management e.g. uncertain demands lead times p

11、roduction times product prices costs etc. especially the uncertainty in demand and lead times where the inventory cannot be managed between echelons optimally. Most manufacturing enterprises are organized into networks of manufacturing and distribution sites that procure raw material process them in

12、to finished goods and distribute the finish goods to customers. The terms 67multi-echelon68 or 67multilevel67production/distribution networks are also synonymous with such networks or SC when an item moves through more than one step before reaching the final customer. Inventories exist throughout th

13、e SC in various forms for various reasons. At any manufacturing point they may exist as raw materials work in progress or finished goods. They exist at the distribution warehouses and they exist in-transit or 67in the pipeline68 on each path linking these facilities. Manufacturers procure raw materi

14、al from suppliers and process them into finished goods sell the finished goods to distributors and then to retail and/or customers. When an item moves through more than one stage before reaching the final customer it forms a 67multi-echelon68 inventory system. The echelon stock of a stock point equa

15、ls all stock at this stock point plus in-transit to or on-hand at any of its downstream stock points minus the backorders at its downstream stock points. The analysis of multi-echelon inventory systems that pervades the business world has a long history. Multi-echelon inventory systems are widely em

16、ployed to distribute products to customers over extensive geographical areas. Given the importance of these systems many researchers have studied their operating characteristics under a variety of conditions and assumptions. Since the development of the economic order quantity EOQ formula by Harris

17、1913 researchers and practitioners have been actively concerned with the analysis and modeling of inventory systems under different operating parameters and modeling assumptions .Research on multi-echelon inventory models has gained importance over the last decade mainly because integrated control o

18、f SCs consisting of several processing and distribution stages has become feasible through modern information technology. Clark and Scarf were the first to study the two-echelon inventory model. They proved the optimality of a base-stock policy for the pure-serial inventory system and developed an e

19、fficient decomposing method to compute the optimal base-stock ordering policy. Bessler and Veinott extended the Clark and Scarf model to include general arbores cent structures. The depot-warehouse problem described above was addressed by Eppen and Schrage who analyzed a model with a stockless centr

20、al depot. They derived a closed-form expression for the order-up-to-level under the equal fractile allocation assumption. Several authors have also considered this problem in various forms. Owing to the complexity and intractability of the multi-echelon problem Hadley and Whitin recommend the adopti

21、on of single-location single-echelon models for the inventory systems. Sherbrooke considered an ordering policy of a two-echelon model for warehouse and retailer. It is assumed that stock outs at the retailers are completely backlogged. Also Sherbrooke constructed the METRIC multi-echelon technique

22、for coverable item control model which identifies the stock levels that minimize the expected number of backorders at the lower-echelon subject to a bud get constraint. This model is the first multi-echelon inventory model for managing the inventory of service parts. Thereafter a large set of models

23、 which generally seek to identify optimal lot sizes and safety stocks in a multi-echelon framework were produced by many researchers. In addition to analytical models simulation models have also been developed to capture the complex interaction of the multi-echelon inventory problems. So far literat

24、ure has devoted major attention to the forecasting of lumpy demand and to the development of stock policies for multi-echelon SCs Inventory control policy for multi-echelon system with stochastic demand has been a widely researched area. More recent papers have been covered by Silver and Pyke. The a

25、dvantage of centralized planning available in periodic review policies can be obtained in continuous review policies by defining the reorder levels of different stages in terms of echelon stock rather than installation stock. Rau et al. Diks and de Kok Dong and Lee Mitra and Chatterjee Hariga Chen A

26、xsater and Zhang Nozick and Turnquist and So and Zheng use a mathematic modeling technique in their studies to manage multi-echelon inventory in SCs. Diks and de Kok68s study considers a divergent multi-echelon inventory system such as a distribution system or a production system and assumes that th

27、e order arrives after a fixed lead time. Hariga presents a stochastic model for a single-period production system composed of several assembly/processing and storage facilities in series. Chen Axsater and Zhang and Nozick and Turnquist consider a two-stage inventory system in their papers. Axsater a

28、nd Zhang and Nozickand Turnquist assume that the retailers face stationary and independent Poisson demand. Mitra and Chatterjee examine De Bodt and Graves68 model 1985 which they developed in their paper68 Continuous-review policies for a multi-echelon inventory problem with stochastic demand68 for

29、fast-moving items from the implementation point of view. The proposed modification of the model can be extended to multi-stage serial and two -echelon assembly systems. In Rau et al.68s model shortage is not allowed lead time is assumed to be negligible and demand rate and production rate is determi

30、nistic and constant. So and Zheng used an analytical model to analyze two important factors that can contribute to the high degree of order-quantity variability experienced by semiconductor manufacturers: supplier68s lead time and forecast demand updating. They assume that the external demands faced

31、 by there tailor are correlated between two successive time periods and that the retailer uses the latest demand information to update its future demand forecasts. Furthermore they assume that the supplier68s delivery lead times are variable and are affected by the retailer68s order quantities. Dong

32、 and Lee68s paper revisits the serial multi-echelon inventory system of Clark and Scarf and develops three key results. First they provide a simple lower-bound approximation to the optimal echelon inventory levels and an upper bound to the total system cost for the basic model of Clark and Scarf. Se

33、cond they show that the structure of the optimal stocking policy of Clark and Scarf holds under time-correlated demand processing using a Martingale model of forecast evolution. Third they extend the approximation to the time-correlated demand process and study in particular for an autoregressive demand model the impact of lead times and autocorrelation on the p