高考英语阅读理解中的长难句3.docx

1、高考英语阅读理解中的长难句3如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍-A高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。1 When a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a tan say he di

2、dnt know his friends marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa 2 He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see

3、the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻

4、辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的：so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：sothat，suchthat，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it save

5、s the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oiland work better(NMETl995 C篇) 析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有not onlybut also连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。 【例2】We even have diff

6、erent words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating (NMET2001D篇) 析：whetheror表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引

7、出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，

8、even if your dog has been killed in the accident (NMETl997 C篇) 析：该句前半部分explain接what引导的宾语从句：后半部分对此进行具体解释，其中，在主句前后各有一个if导的条件状语从句和even if引导的让步状语从句。as the owner是插入语。句意：一个瑞典Kennel俱乐部的官员解释了这项(法律)的含义，如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽车撞了。作为主人。即使你的狗被撞死了，你也要为被撞坏的汽车做出赔偿。 【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, whi

9、ch means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and with 【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when a

10、n e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet 【例6】Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These w

11、ords, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply cant think of 二、抓主干、剔从句 一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句

12、的理解难度。如： 【例1】 One tiny 9 inch-plant bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door. (2005全国I卷E篇) 析：句子主干部分为one tiny 9-inch plant has already taken over much of my rose bed and。bought短语、covering短语分别作定

13、语和状语。句意：一个在春天时花$125买的九英寸植物已经接管了我的玫瑰苗圃，覆盖了我的其他植物。正在向前门发展。 【例2】 Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention(2005全国I卷D篇1 析：句子主干部分为Lewis found that，在t

14、hat引导的宾语从句中，含有两个who引导的定语从句。修饰 the oldest child和the youngest。句意：莱温斯发现在有三、四个孩子的家庭里，晚餐的谈话焦点往往是年龄最大和最小的孩子。最大的总是有许多的东西要说，而最小的则需要最多的关照。 【例3】 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the

15、 wine would remain fresh for much longer. (NMET2002春招D篇) 析：第一个that引出宾语从句，第二个that引出定语从句。第三个that引出同位语从句。句意：Pasteur发现 (宾语从句) 在酒发酵之后，再加温几分钟，能杀死残留在酒中的酵母(定语从句)，其结果能使酒的保鲜时间更长(同位语从句。 【例4】 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family w

16、as willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (NMET2002春招E篇) 【例5】 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a maj

17、or advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able t study at the Ecole polytechnique. (NMET2003C篇) 三、抓关键词 关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。 【例1】Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in th

18、eir pet，whether it be cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003C篇) 析：关键词：fans爱好者whetheror无论是还是句意：来自动物医院(这个电视节目)的故事(这本书)，将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。 【例2】After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receiv

19、e a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure 析：句中含两个分词短语，关键词state“表明”。句意：在他们逗留之后。所有的游客都会收到一份生存证明记录他们的成功也就是说当游客离开小冰屋旅馆时，他们会得到一份证明表明他们曾尝试过冒险。 【例3】The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees (白领雇员), whocan afford the new service, in other words, Shangha

20、is car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of whitecollar employees 四、恢复原来面貌，理解创新句型 难句的另一种形式是各种创新句型，主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调、被动、双重否定等结构。我们可以利用还原法和消原法，还复杂句型以本来面目，以求顺利理解。 【例1】Excused from recycling (回收利用)because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道) （ MET200

21、0E篇) 析：分析句子结构及语法功能不难发现该句为省略句，可补充还原为：Are you excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?你住在带垃圾通道的高层楼房上就可获准不参与回收利用垃圾吗? 【例2】Betty, shrugs. Talk? Were friends(NMET2001 E篇) 析：该句为省略句，根据上下文作者因妻子长时间跟女友谈话而感到纳闷的情节，该句可补充还原为：Betty shrugs. Why are we talking so long? Were friends

22、贝蒂耸了耸肩，为什么我们谈这么久?我们是朋友。 【例3】 “Most women, ”says Rubin, “identified (认定) at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives”(NMET2001 E篇) 【例4】 No longer will the public accept the o

23、ld attitude of “Buy itthrow it away，and forget it”(NMET2001 C篇) 【例5】How is it t hat the can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame，come back three and a half hours later, and theyre still sitting on the sofa ,talking? (NMET2001 E篇) 练一练Part A1. Jenner disco

24、vered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from a harmless disease which they caught from the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox. (上海1997 B篇)2. My parents wanted to know if I was sure, if I knew what it meant and whether I realized that if I gave up my job training，it

25、 would be very difficult to get a good job (上海1997 A篇)3. Victor Prozorovs disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present，some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the computer-a better chess player ( NMETl991 C篇)4. Decision is not unlike poker it often matter not only what

26、 you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET2000C篇) 5. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Th

27、erapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. (NMET2003B篇)6Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used.7In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had

28、 a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.8. Discrimination(歧视) isnt their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntingtons gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help.9. I cant live in fear of the possibility

29、that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.10. However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) gradua

30、te with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.11. His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-ma

31、il system.12. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.13. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to

32、 the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.14. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.15. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four yearsloans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.16. What emerges(浮现