1、英语六级第2套真题及答案解析2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonlivinginthe virtualworld.Trytoimaginewhatwillhappenwhenpeoplespendmoreandmoretimeinthevirtualworldinsteadofinteractingintherealworld.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200wordslld
2、iminishasonegrowsup.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fearman-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26_ :
3、 Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers?Users?Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27_ of computational power and engi
4、neering advances will 28_ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29_ use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.But there are 30_ to be problems. Robot cars
5、 will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31_ someones privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbors cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32_ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33_ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34_ space for innovation?
6、Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35_ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots b
7、ased on the manufacturers driving record, not the passengers.A. arisesB. ascendsC. boundD. combinationE. definiteF. eventuallyG. interfereH. invadeI. manifestingJ. penaltiesK. preservingL. programmedM. proximatelyN. victimsO. widespreadSectionBReformandMedicalCostsAAmericansaredeeplyconcernedaboutth
8、erelentlessriseinhealthcarecostsandhealthinsurancepremiums.Theyneedtoknowifreformwillhelpsolvetheproblem.Theansweristhatnoonehasaneasyfixforrisingmedicalcosts.Thefundamentalfixreshapinghowcareisdeliveredandhowdoctorsarepaidinawasteful,abnormalsystemislikelytobeachievedonlythroughtrialanderrorandincr
9、emental(渐进的)gains.BThegoodnewsisthatabilljustapprovedbytheHouseandabillapprovedbytheSenateFinanceCommitteewouldimplementortestmanyreformsthatshouldhelpslowtheriseinmedicalcostsoverthelongterm.AsareportinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicineconcluded, Prettymucheveryproposedinnovationfoundinthehealthpolicyl
10、iteraturethesedaysiscontainedinthesemeasures.CMedicalspending,whichtypicallyrisesfasterthanwagesandtheoveralleconomy,ispropelledbytwothings:thehighpriceschargedformedicalservicesinthiscountryandthevolumeofunnecessarycaredeliveredbydoctorsandhospitals,whichoftenperformalotmoretestsandtreatmentsthanap
11、atientreallyneeds.DHerearesomeoftheimportantproposalsintheHouseandSenatebillstotrytoaddressthoseproblems,andwhyitishardtoknowhowwelltheywillwork.EBothbillswouldreducetherateofgrowthinannualMedicarepaymentstohospitals,nursinghomesandotherprovidersbyamountscomparabletotheproductivitysavingsroutinelyma
12、deinotherindustrieswiththehelpofnewtechnologiesandnewwaystoorganizework.ThisproposalcouldsaveMedicaremorethan$100billionoverthenextdecade.Ifprivateplansdemandedsimilarproductivitysavingsfromproviders,andrefusedtoletprovidersshiftadditionalcoststothem,thesavingscouldbemuchlarger.CriticssayCongresswil
13、lgiveintolobbyistsandletinefficientprovidersoffthehookThatisfarlesslikelytohappenifCongressalsoadoptsstrongupaygo”rulesrequiringthatanyincreaseinpaymentstoprovidersbeoffsetbynewtaxesorbudgetcuts.FTheSenateFinancebillwouldimposeanexcisetax(消费税)onhealthinsuranceplansthatcostmorethan$8,000foranindividu
14、alor$21,000forafamily.Itwouldmostlikelycauseinsurerstoredesignplanstofallbeneaththethreshold.Enrolleeswouldhavetopaymoremoneyformanyservicesoutoftheirownpockets,andthatwouldencouragethemtothinktwiceaboutwhetheranexpensiveorredundanttestwasworthit.Economistsprojectthatmostemployerswouldshiftmoneyfrom
15、expensivehealthbenefitsintowages.TheHousebillhasnosimilartax.Thefinallegislationshould.GAnydoctorwhohaswrestledwithmultipleformsfromdifferentinsurers,orpatientswhohavetriedtounderstandtheirownparadeofstatements,knowthatsimplificationoughttosavemoney.Whenthehealthinsuranceindustrywasstillcooperatingi
16、nreformefforts,itstradegroupofferedtoprovidestandardizedformsforautomatedprocessing.Itestimatedthatstepwouldsavehundredsofbillionsofdollarsoverthenextdecade.Thebillswouldlockthatpledgeintolaw.HThestimuluspackageprovidedmoneytoconverttheinefficient,paper-drivenmedicalsystemtoelectronicrecordsthatcanb
17、eeasilyviewedandtransmitted.Thisrequiresopeninvestmentstohelpdoctorsconvert.Intimeitshouldhelprestraincostsbyeliminatingredundanttests,preventingdruginteractions,andhelpingdoctorsfindthebesttreatments.IVirtuallyallexpertsagreethatthefee-for-servicesystemdoctorsarerewardedforthequantityofcareratherth
18、anitsqualityoreffectivenessisaprimaryreasonthatthecostofcareissohigh.Mostagreethatthesolutionistopushdoctorstoacceptfixedpaymentstocareforaparticularillnessorforapatientsneedsoverayear.Nooneknowshowtomakethathappenquickly.ThebillsinbothhouseswouldstartpilotprojectswithinMedicare.Theyincludesuchmeasu
19、resasaccountablecareorganizationstotakechargeofapatientsneedswithaneyeonbothcostandquality,andchronicdiseasemanagementtomakesuretheseriouslyill,whoareresponsibleforthebulkofallhealthcarecosts,aretreatedproperly.Forthemostpart,theseexperimentsrelyonincentivepaymentstogetdoctorstotrythem.JTestinginnov
20、ationsdonogoodunlessthegoodexperimentsareidentifiedandexpandedandthebadonesaredropped.TheSenatebillwouldcreateanindependentcommissiontomonitorthepilotprogramsandrecommendchangesinMedicarespaymentpoliciestourgeproviderstoadoptreformsthatwork.ThechangeswouldhavetobeapprovedorrejectedasawholebyCongress
21、,makingithardfornarrow-interestlobbiestobendlawmakerstotheirwill.KThebillsinbothchamberswouldcreatehealthinsuranceexchangesonwhichsmallbusinessesandindividualscouldchoosefromanarrayofprivateplansandpossiblyapublicoption.Alltheplanswouldhavetoprovidestandardbenefitpackagesthatwouldbeeasytocompare.Tog
22、etaccesstomillionsofnewcustomers,insurerswouldhaveastrongincentivetosellontheexchange.Andthehead-to-headcompetitionmightgivethemastrongincentivetolowertheirprices,perhapsbyacceptingslimmerprofitmarginsordemandingbetterdealsfromproviders.LThefinallegislationmightthrowapublicplanintothecompetition,but
23、thankstothefierceoppositionoftheinsuranceindustryandRepublicancritics,itmightnotsavemuchmoney.TheoneintheHousebillwouldhavetonegotiaterateswithproviders,ratherthanusingMedicarerates,asmanyreformerswanted.MThepresidentsstimuluspackageispumpingmoneyintoresearchtocomparehowwellvarioustreatmentswork.Iss
24、urgery,radiationorcarefulmonitoringbestforprostate(前列腺)cancer?Isthelatestandmostexpensivecholesterol-loweringdruganybetterthanitscommoncompetitors?Thependingbillswouldspendadditionalmoneytoacceleratethiseffort.NCriticshavechargedthatthissensibleideawouldleadtorationingofcare. (Thatwouldbetrueonlyify
25、oubelievedthatpatientsshouldhaveanunrestrainedrighttotreatmentsproventobeinferior.)Asaresult,thebillsdonotrequire,astheyshould,thattheresultsofthesestudiesbeusedtosetpaymentratesinMedicare.OCongressneedstofindthecouragetoallowMedicaretopaypreferentiallyfortreatmentsproventobesuperior.Sometimesthebes
26、ttreatmentmightbethemostexpensive.Butoverall,wesuspectthatspendingwouldcomedownthrougheliminationofalotofunnecessaryorevendangeroustestsandtreatments.PTheHousebillwouldauthorizethesecretaryofhealthandhumanservicestonegotiatedrugpricesinMedicareandMedicaid.Someauthoritativeanalystsdoubtthatthesecreta
27、rywouldgetbetterdealsthanprivateinsurersalreadyget.Webelievenegotiationcouldwork.Itdoesinothercountries.QMissingfromthesebillsisanyseriousattempttoreininmalpracticecosts.Malpracticeawardsdodriveupinsurancepremiumsfordoctorsinhigh-riskspecialties,andthereissomeevidencethatdoctorsengageindefensivemedi
28、cinebyperformingtestsandtreatmentsprimarilytoprovetheyarenotnegligentshouldtheygetsued.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。36.Withataximposedonexpensivehealthinsuranceplans,mostemployerswilllikelytransfermoneyfromhealthexpensesintowages.37.Changesinpolicywouldbeapprovedorrejectedasawholesothatlobbyistswouldfindithardtoinfluencelawmakers.38.ItisnoteasytocurbtherisingmedicalcostsinAmerica.39.Standardizationofformsforautomaticprocessingwil
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