英语语法之副词.docx

1、英语语法之副词副词副词（Adverb）是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词可分为：时间和频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、表顺序的副词、常用于完成时的副词。功能：起修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围的词。副词连用顺序程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。分类：时间频率副词now,then,often,always,usually,next,lastday,already(已经),generally(一般地),frequently（频繁）,seldom（很少地）,ever,ne

2、ver,yet,soon,too, immediately（立即）, finally,shortly（很快）, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. once，twice地点副词here, there, everywhere, anywhere,somewhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward（向前地）, home, upstairs(楼上地), downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up,

3、away, on.方式副词carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly,badly,hard,bravely程度副词much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细

4、小地), hardly.疑问副词how, when, where, why关系副词when, where, why连接副词therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why表顺序的副词first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily完成时的副词already,ever,just,never,since,yet,recently用法：副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。He works hard. （作状语）他工作努力。You speak English v

5、ery well. （作状语）你英语讲地相当好。Does she stay at home? （作表语）她呆在家吗?Lets be out. （作表语）让我们出去吧。Food here is hard to get. （here作定语，hard作状语）这儿很难弄到食物。Let him out!（作补语）让他出去！修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.位置：1) be动词、助动词或情态动词之后，实义动词之前。 如果实义动词后有宾语，则放于宾语之后。I am also Bush.我也是布什。I can als

6、o do that.我也可以这样做。I also want to play that games.我也想玩这游戏。I get up early in the morning every day.每一天的早晨我都起床的很早。She didnt drink water enough.她没有喝足够的水 。We can go to this school freely.我们可以免费到这家学校学习。They left a life hardly then.当时他们的生活很艰难。I have seen this film twice with my friends.这部电影我和朋友看过两次。2) 副词修饰

7、形容词,副词时,一般放在被修饰词之前，但enough除外。Its rather easy, I can do it.这很容易,我能做到。He did it quite well.他做得相当好。Its rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.他的奔跑速度不足以快到能够追上火车。3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。I often help him these days.这些日子我经常帮助他。I always remember the d

8、ay when I first came to this school.我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。You mustnt always help me.你不能老是帮助我。We usually go shopping once a week.我们通常一周买一次东西。The new students dont always go to dance.新学生并不时常去跳舞。4) 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。When do you study everyday?你每天什么时间学习?Can you tell me how you did it?你能告

9、诉我你如何做的吗?First, let me ask you some questions.先让我来问几个问题。How much does this bike cost?这辆车子多少钱？The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom.当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面,时间副词在后面。We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 oclock yesterday.昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.What were you do

10、ing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?昨天下午你在教室里干什么？The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.这场事故在一小时前发生在十一号大街。6)否定副词在句首，句子要部分倒装。Never have I felt so excited!我从来没有觉得这么激动！比较等级：副词和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式. 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词（除 early ）须用 more 和 most 。hard-harder-hardestfast-faste

11、r-fastestearly-earlier-earliestmuch-more-mostwarmly-more warmly-most warmly单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的，最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的。near-nearer-nearesthard-harder-hardest多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的。warmly-more warmly-ost warmlysuccessfully-more successfully-most successfully有些副词的比较级和最高

12、级形式是不规则的。well-better-bestlittle-less-leastmuch-more-mostbadly-worse-worstfar-farther-farthestfar-further-furthest副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。He works harder than me.他比我工作努力。Lucy gets up earlier than Lili.露西比丽丽起床早。He runs fastest in our class.他在我们班跑地最快。He dives deeper than his teamma

13、tes.他比他的队员潜水深。Its true that he speak English more fluently than any of us.他英语讲的确实比我们任何人都好。Our school team play football best in our region.我们校队在我们地区足球踢得最好的。基本用法：原级比较的用法1. 原级比较由“as+形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)+as ”构成“原级相同”比较句，表示两者比较；其否定式，即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) +形容词或副词+as”，而且asas结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等

14、表示程度的词修饰1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .A to run for fifteen minutesB running for fifteen minutesC you run for fifteen minutesD fifteen?minute walking2) The gorilla(大猩猩)， while A not quite as curious than B the chimpanzee(黑猩猩)， shows more persistence C and memory

15、 retention(记忆力) in solving D a problem.3) Alaska is twice A as larger B as C the next largest D state， Texas.2. “as (so)+名词+as+名词”进行名词比较，这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词，但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语，应当用so而不用as4) Thomas Jeffersons achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.A suchB moreC asD t

16、han5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考题)A thatB soC thisD as3. 表示“是几倍”时用“twice; three times等 + as 形容副词as.” eg. 1)This book costs twice as much as that one. 这本书的价钱是那本书的两倍。2)He has four times as many books as I have 他拥有的书是我拥有的四倍比较级1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级+than+，”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更

17、加”。连词than后可接句子，也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、?ING结构和?ED结构，有时也可省去than。6) Natural mica(云母) of A a superior B quality is cheapest C to obtain than synthetic D mica.7) She is older than .A any other girl in the groupB any girl in the groupC all girls in the groupD you and me as well as the group8) Josephi

18、ne McCrackin joined A the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and， until her death fifteen years late B ， remained C active in journalistic D work.2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .A oursB with usC for ours it hadD it did for us10) Sound tra

19、vels air.A faster through water than through B faster than through water andC through water faster andD where it is faster through water than through11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout， one of Rembrands pupils， followed A the style of his teacher so implicitly that B his paintings C are sometimes confused

20、 with his master D .最高级1. 最高级用于三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是“定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语（地点）或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)或“定冠词+形容词最高级+of+人群”12) The more A fearsome of all the B animals in C the Western D Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.13) Of all economic A problems， inflatio

21、n continues to be B a C most significant in its daily impact on D people and business.14) ， the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.A All the activitiesB The activitiesC Of all the activitiesD It is the activities2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级可以不用定冠词the7特殊表达编辑形容词与副词的同级比较由“as(so)as

22、”引出，其否定式为“not so”或“not asas”,考生还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子，必须被当作孩子对待。2. as much：表示“与同量”Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍，我也会愿意把它买下的。He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。3.

23、 as many：表示“与一样多”I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。表示“几倍于”的比较级用twice (两倍)，four times (四倍)，ten times (十倍)加上as as 结构This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。(这个比那个大三倍。) / Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。 / He has books twice as many as she does. 他

24、的书比她多一倍。1) The five?year deal obligates A the country to buy nine million tons B of grain a year C ， three million more as D the old pacts minimum.“the same +名词+as”表示同等比较2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.A in the same function B the same function asC the function is the same as D

25、and has the same function3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan wouldhave as the amount of money borrowed.A as the same value B the same valueC value as the same D the value is the same比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, m

26、uch等词语表示不定量，far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.A more sophisticated thanB much more sophisticatedC much sophisticatedD sophisticated5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.A cleare

27、stB the clearestC much clearerD more clearer6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered A migratory， although B some do move C to more warmer D waters in winter.8两种形式编辑close与closelyclose意思是近； closely 意思是仔细地He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.late 与latelylate意思是晚； lately 意思是最近You have

28、come too late.What have you been doing lately?deep与deeplydeep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是

29、广泛地，在许多地方He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.free与freelyfree的意思是免费；freely 的意思是无限制地You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely; say what you like.副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。 英语中， 有些副词具有两种形式：一是与形容词同形；二是由该形容词后加-ly构成（以下称形容词形副词和-ly形副词）

30、。这两种形式的副词有些含义相同或在某些情 况下含义相同，有些则完全不同；有的含义相同但用法又有所不同，有的含义不同但用法又相同。如何正确运用这些副词，是同学们在平时学习中经常遇到的令人困 惑的问题，因为这涉及到语体、语义和语用等方面的问题。9使用区别编辑总体1形容词形副词倾向于表静态意义，突出感觉，状态、结果；-ly形副词倾向于表动态意义，强调方式、方法。由于表达的语体，语义侧重点和感情色彩不同，这两种副词有时可以互换使用，所以其内含的静动态意义也会随之变化。2形容词形副词不能被一个程度状语所修饰，而-ly形副词则可以。3形容词形副词多用在非正式语体中，而-ly形副词多用在正式语体中。4形容词形副词一般表示较具体的概念，而-ly形副词则表示抽象或引申意义，有时还带有一定的感情色彩。5在表示比较级和最高级时通常用形容词形副词来取代-ly形副词。6在过去分词、作主语用的动名词和强调句中被强调的成分前通常只用-ly形副词而不用形容词形副词。具体1cheap和cheaply两者意思相同。但在实际运用中，一般只用cheap而不用cheaply，尤其是在口语中与动词buy和sell等连用时，只用cheap。例如：He sold the house very cheap