完整版初中定语从句总结用法大全.docx

1、完整版初中定语从句总结用法大全定语从句走进中考定语从句的难点在于学生分析不清楚先行词， 不能正确使用关系 代词和关系副词，不能正确理解定语从句中的一些特殊用法。 中考对 于定语从句的掌握要求如下：1.掌握关系代词的用法，特别是 that， which ， who， whomwhose作主语、表语和定语的用法。2.掌握关系副词when, where， why引导定语从句的用法；3.掌握“介词+关系代词”的用法，尤其是介词的选取和使用；4.掌握关系代词that和which的用法的异同；5.掌握表示地点或时间的名词充当先行词时，关系代词和关系副词的选择问题。思维导图定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句定语

2、从句的构成that引导which引导who，whom 引导whose弓丨导whe n弓丨导why弓丨导只用that不用which的情况只用which不用that关系代词和关系副 词的区别介词+关系代词1.定语从句的概念和位置在句子中起定语作用的从句成为定语从句。定语从句在句子的作用相当于形容 词，故又称为形容词从句。（在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句） e.g.: Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage?This is the museum which was built last year.2.先行词和关系代词被定语从句

3、修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，指代先行词，放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作 用，同时又充当定语从句的某一个成分（主语、宾语、表语、状语等）；e.g.: The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my un cle.先行词关系代词（在从句中做主语）The train which h|s just left is for She nzhe n.先行词 关系代词（做主语）Let s find a place where we can have a picnic.先行词关系副词（地点状语）关系代词二连接词+代词定语

4、从句的构成:He has a car. + The car has 7 seats.=He has a car and it has 7 seats.=He has a car which has 7 seats.+ We stayed here.The hotel is very clea n.=The hotelwhere we stayed was very clean.We met a man. + The man directed us to the factory.=We met a man and he directed us to the factory.=We met a m

5、an who directed us to the factory.3.关系代词引导的定语从句出题点：A指代人的关系代词充当主语、宾语、表语的用法;B 指代物的关系代词充当主语、宾语、表语的用法。关系代词在句子中起连接、替代的作用，在句子中充当一定的成分，修饰前面的先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词 that，which，who, whom whose,主要用法如下表格：先行词主语宾语所有格人Who/thatWhom/thatWhose事物、动词Which/thatWhich/thatWhose人+动物thatthat人+事物关系代词与普通代词的区别:普通代词只起替代作用。关系代词替代先行词，在定

6、语从句中充当一定的成分，同时把先行词与定语 从句联系在一起，起连词的作用。That引导的定语从句That可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语。作宾 语时可以省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到 that之前，若介词提到前面，指物用 which指人用whome.g.: Views that are entirely new may also be hard to accept.We n eed a pers on that is right for the job.The picture (that) we are study ing was draw n by afiftee n-

7、year-old stude nt.ii.Which引导的定语从句Which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语。作宾语的关系代词 which可以省略(放介词后除外)：e.g.: The river which runs through the center of the city waspolluted seriously.The story (which) he told was very popular.The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.iii.Who whom引导的定语从句二者都用于指人。Whc在定语从句中

8、作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中 作宾语。作宾语的关系代词 who, whom可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系 代词除外)e.g.: -We are proud of Mo Yan.-Yes. He is a great writer who won the Nobel Prize inLiterature in 2012.e.g.: Her sister married a man (who/whom) she met on a pla ne.注意 ：先行词为 one, ones, anyone 或those 时，定语从句中的关系代词用whoe.g.: God helps those who

9、help themselves. 自助者天助之。重点提醒:whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到 whom前面 时，不能用 who代替：e.g.: The person to who you just talked is Deep.（ 错 误）应该为to whom或者可以这样表达： The pers on who/whomyou just talked to is Deep.（正确）在现代英语中，定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 whom可以用who代替，但who不用于介词之后。在非限定性定语从句中，whom不可用who代替。iv.Whose引导的定语从句Whose可以指人也可以指物，在定语从

10、句中作定语。e.g.: Do you know the girl whose Japa nese is excelle nt?I d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.重点提升：有时“ whose+名词”可用“限定词+名词+of which/whom ” 或者“ of which/whom+限定词+名词”来替代。e.g.: He lives in a house whose win dows face south.=He lives in a house whose win dows face south.=He lives in

11、a house the win dows of which face south.另：whose+名词引导定语从句时，名词前不能再接限定词，只有转换为“限定词+名词+of which/whom”或“ of which/whom+限定词+名词”时，名词前面可以有限定词。4.关系副词引导的定语从句出题点 :关系副词 when, where，why的用法关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，一般不可省略。常用的关系副词有 when,where，why等。选择哪一个关系副词要看其前面的先行词。关系副词先行词在从句中充当的成分Where表示地点的名词地点状语When表示时间的名词时间状语WhyReason原因状

12、语e.g. I remember the day . + We first met then .=I remember the day whenwe first met.关系副词作时间状语，相当于on which（1） whe n引导定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time,day， week等表示时间的名词。此时时常可用 on which，in which， during which等替代。e.g.: April the first is the day when people make fun of others.I still remember the t

13、ime when I first travelled by plane.注意：当表示时间的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时， 关系代词不能用wher。（2） where引导的定语从句where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。它的先行词常为place , house， country等表示地点的名词。此时常可以用 in which ， at which等替代。e.g.: Last year my parents went to the farm where they worked 30years ago.先行词 关系副词作地点状语，相当于inwhichKeep the books in a plac

14、e where you can find them easily.先行词关系副词作地点状语，相当于at which（3） why引导的定语从句why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词通常为 reason，此时常可以用for which 来代替。e.g.: I know the reas on why she left you.先行词 关系副词作原因状语Please tell me the reas on why she is cryi ng so badly.注意：先行词是the reason，关系副词why在定语从句中充当原因状语。但是当先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，关系代词不能

15、用 why,要用that或which引导。5.定语从句中的注意事项出题点：A.只用that不用which的情况B.只用which不用that的情况C.定语从句中的主谓一致D.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择(1)只用that不用which的情况；A .先行词时不定代词或者被不定代词修饰时先行词是 any thi ng , everyth ing nothing , few, all, none, little, some 等，或者由 every , any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等不定代词修饰时，关系代词用that不用which。e.g.: Ha

16、ve you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?Any man that does n t have a sense of duty can t do the thi ng well.B.先行词时序数词或者形容词最高级或者被其修饰时e.g.: The first thi ng that my brother is going to do this after noon isto study physics.I have found the best way that could finish the test.C.先行词既有指人的名词又有指物

17、的名词时e.g.: He was watching the children and parcels that filled with the car.Jack took photographs of the things and people that he was interested in.D.当主句是以who或者which开头的特殊疑问句时Which is the bike that you lost?E.先行词前有the only , the very 等修饰时e.g.: This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.After the

18、 fire, the old car was the only thing that he owned.汪意：当主语是以here , there开头且先行词是指物的名词时，用 that而不用which引导。e.g. : Here is the book that you are looking for.口诀记忆：只用 that 的情况：the only ， the very ，the same，no, any 先行词即有人又有物，高级，不定和序数。（2）只用which不用that的情况A.关系代词前有介词且指物时e.g.: I m looking for a container in whic

19、h I can put all these peaches.A zoo is a park in which manykinds of animals are kept for exhibition.B.先行词本身就是that时e.g.: I don t like that which he did.What is that which is on the ground?C.引导非限定性定语从句时非限定性定语从句的关系代词或关系副词与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。e.g.: Football, which is a very in terest ing game, is played all ove

20、r theworld.Their house was washed away by the floods, which made them sad. 另：限定性定语从句即我们初中阶段所学的定语从句，定语从句和先行词之间 的关系密切，不用逗号隔开，说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等，不能去掉。非限定性定语从句主要起补充说明的作用， 往往用逗号与先行词隔开，去掉后不影响主句的意义。（3） 定语从句中的主谓一致这里指关系代词在定语从句中做主语时， 定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词一致的问题。先行词时单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复 数时，从句的谓语动词用复数。e.g.: The man

21、who is playing football is my PE teacher.I love sin gers who write their own music.要点提升：“One of +复数可数名词”充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；“ the on ly/very/right o ne of + 复数可数名词”充当先行词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.: Tom is one of the students who were awarded.Tom is the only one of the stude nts who was awarded.（4） “介词+关

22、系代词”结构中介词的选择A.根据定语从句中的谓语动词判断一般定语从句的谓语动词如果是及物动词， 后面没有宾语时就用关系代词；如果是不及物动词就用关系副词。e.g.: This is the factory that/which I visited last year.This is the factory where I used to work.小贴士 ：定语从句中究竟用关系代词还是用关系副词， 把握好一个原则：弄清楚它在从句中充当什么成分，充当状语，即用关系副词，反之则用关系代词。B.根据定语从句中所缺少的成分判断分析定语从句缺失何种成分（主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语），如果缺少主语、 宾

23、语、表语、定语用关系代词；缺少状语用关系副词。e.g.: Is this the museum （that/which） you visited a few days ago?Visited 后面缺少宾语Is this the museum where the exhibition was held ?Was held 后面缺少地点状语（5） “介词+关系代词”的用法有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词之前，形成“介词 +关系代词”结构，该结构中个关系代词可用 which，whose, whose, whom不可以用that和 whQ该结构中的介词可以根据定语从句中谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或

24、者句 子意义来确定。e.g.: This is the house of which I spoke.Is this the car for which you paid a high price?This is the camera with which he often takes photos.This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.注意：介词在定语从句句尾，可以省略作宾语的关系代词，而如果介词在定语 从句前面时，不能省略作宾语的关系代词。重点提醒：有些“动词+介词”，如look for , look after , call on 等不可拆

25、开，不可把介词置于关系代词之前e.g.: It is the bookfor which she was lookinglooking for ( “)the babies after whomthe nurses are looking are very healthy. ( X)looking after ( “)小贴士：“介词+关系代词”结构中，介词的选择可根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定e.g.: I ll never forget the time during which (= during the time) I spent my childhood in the country.定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从 句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限 制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。