大学物理英语词汇之欧阳术创编.docx

1、大学物理英语词汇之欧阳术创编Chapter 1 Introduction（引言）时间：2021.02.02创作：欧阳术1.1 Space and Time（空间与时间）universe宇宙object物体measurement 测量kinematics运动学motion of objects 物体的运动mass point/particle质点center of mass 质心space and time 时空rotation 旋转subject研究的对象phenomena 现象intergalactic星系间的submicroscopic 亚微观的dimension尺度uniform均匀的i

2、sotropic各向同性的continuous连续的direction方向graininess 颗粒性location位置frame of reference 参考系specify确定、规定simultaneously 同时地inconsistent with与不一致define/definition 定义platinum-iridium铂铱合金atomic standard 原子标准transition 跃迁meridian子午线general conference on weights and measures国际计量大会vacuum真空former standard of length米

3、原器atomic energy level原子能级isotope cesium 铯同位素krypton 氪angstrom埃1.2 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference（坐标系与参考系）frame of reference 参考系coordinate system坐标系rectangular Cartesian coordinates 直角笛卡儿坐标系axis / axes (pl.)（坐标）轴origin坐标原点at rest静止dimension维mutually perpendicular 互相垂直intersection 交点1.3 Id

4、ealized Models（理想模型）idealized model 理想模型simplified version简化方式neglect忽略particle质点air resistance 空气阻力vacuum真空in terms of 利用rigid body刚体insulator绝缘体1.4 Vectors（矢量）vector矢量scalar标量magnitude大小velocity速度acceleration 加速度momentum动量proportional to正比于parallel平行position vector位置矢量1.5 Properties of Vectors（矢量的

5、特点）resultant/net vector additionsubtractionequivalenttranslatehead-to-tail methodparallelogram methoddiagonalcommutative lawscalar productdot productdistributive lawmultiplicationcross product vector productarearight-hand ruleparallelmultiplyfunctionsome variable1.6 Components of a Vector（矢量的分量）comp

6、onent分量absolute value绝对值projection投影perpendicular 垂线rectangular component正交分量1.7 Unit Vectors（单位矢量）unit vector单位矢量dimensionless 无量纲的unit magnitude单位大小respectively分别地Chapter 2 Kinematics: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions （运动学：二维与三维运动）2.1 Kinematical Function of a Point（质点的运动函数）position vector位置矢量tr

7、igonometry 三角学2.2 Displacement and Velocity（位移与速度）trajectory轨迹displacement vector位移矢量velocity速度ratio比值，比率straight line直线approach趋近、接近limit极限average velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity瞬时速度slope斜率chord弦limiting process 求极限过程curved path弯曲路径derivative导数magnitude and direction大小和方向speed速率scalar component

8、s标量分量limiting value极限值limiting process 求极限过程tangent相切、切线change增量、改变量differential n.微分differentiate v. 微分、求导integrate v.积分integration n.积分coefficient系数module (矢量的)模successively 连续地square root 平方根2.3 Acceleration（加速度）acceleration 加速度average acceleration 平均加速度instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度second deri

9、vative二阶导数positive正的negative负的respectively 分别地one-dimensional motion一维运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动projectile motion抛体运动2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速运动）无2.5 Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速直线运动）linear线性的one-dimensional一维的corresponding对应的eliminate消去freely falling bodies自由落体a

10、ir resistance 空气阻力acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度altitude高度vertical direction 竖直方向negative sign 负号latitude经度regardless of与.无关maximum value最大值minimum value最小值2.6 Projectile Motion （抛体运动）projectile抛体trajectory轨迹assumption 假设negligible可忽略的rotation 转动air friction 空气摩擦parabola抛物线parabolic trajectory 抛物

11、线轨迹initial初始的horizontal水平的independent 独立的superposition叠加flight time飞行时间horizontal range射程maximum height最大高度horizontal surface水平面a body projected horizontally平抛物体vertical竖直的firing angle抛射角2.7 Circular Motion（圆周运动）circular motion 圆周运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动circular motion with varying speed变速圆周运

12、动centripetal向心的arc length 弧长angular displacement 角位移instantaneous angular velocity（瞬时）角速度radian(s) 弧度dimensional有量纲的counterclockwise 逆时针clockwise顺时针circle圆center of a circle圆心vectorially矢量地angular acceleration 角加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度center-seeking 向心resolve （矢量）分解centripetal acceleration 向

13、心加速度normal acceleration 法向加速度perpendicular to垂直于radial径向的radius半径2.8 Relative Motion（相对运动）relative velocity相对速度relative acceleration 相对加速度observer观察者outcome结果measurement 测量stationary 静止的differentiate求微分Galilean transformation equation伽利略变换valid有效的special theory of relativity狭义相对论as it turns out结果是re

14、lative to相对于heading due north头朝北right triangle直角三角形upstream逆流hypotenuse直角三角形的斜边Chapter 3 Newtons Laws of Motion（牛顿运动定律）3.1 Newtons First Law（牛顿第一定律）at rest静止net external force/ resultant force合外力inertial frame of reference 惯性参考系inertia惯性act on = exert（力）作用于approximation近似inertial mass 惯性质量interact (

15、n. interaction)相互作用resultant external force合外力momentum动量unless stated otherwise 除非另有说明3.2 Newtons Second Law（牛顿第二定律）nonzero非零的mass质量momentum动量rate of change变化率directly proportional to正比于inversely proportional to反比于3.3 Newtons Third Law（牛顿第三定律）interact相互作用opposite相反、相对isolated 孤立的action force 作用力reac

16、tion force反作用力3.4 Applications of Newtons Laws（牛顿运动定律的应用）tension 张力diagram示意图isolate 隔离free-body diagram受力图unknown未知量Atwoods Machine阿特伍德机light string轻绳vertically 竖直地frictionless 无摩擦的incline斜面pulley滑轮balanced平衡的block 木块、滑块wedge楔、斜铁plane 平面horizontal surface水平面3.5 International Units and Dimensions（国际

17、单位制与量纲）physical quantity物理量fundamental unit基本单位universally普遍scientific community科学界luminous intensity光强度abbreviation缩写lowercase小写的uppercase大写的rectangle矩形3.6 Introduction to Some Common Forces（几种常见力）electromagnetic电磁的lean against 倚靠compress 压mattress spring 床垫弹簧normal force 法向力、支持力stiffness倔强性stretch

18、 拉伸frictional force / force of friction 摩擦力viscous medium粘滞媒质（介质）resistance 阻力force of static friction 静摩擦力maximum force of static friction最大静摩擦力is proportional to正比于proportionality constant比例常数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of kinetic friction 滑动摩擦系数variation变化3.7 The Four Fundamen

19、tal Forces（四种基本力）gravitational force 引力universal gravitational constant 万有引力常数electromagnetic force电磁力bind约束Coulombs law库仑定律charged particle带电粒子strong nuclear force 强力hydrogen氢nucleus (pl. nuclei or nucleuses)原子核neutron 中子proton质子counteract抵抗repulsive排斥的strength强度weak nuclear force弱力short-range forc

20、e 短程力radioactivity放射性radioactive decay 放射性衰变nucleons核子massless 无质量的action at a distance远程作用hypothesis 假设field场Chapter 4Linear Momentum and Angular Momentum （动量与角动量）4.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse（动量与冲量）(linear) momentum动量impulse 冲量impulse-momentum theorem动量定理time-average force 平均冲力4.2 Impulse-moment

21、um Theorem for Particles System（质点系的动量定理）particles system 质点系internal forces 内力external forces 外力4.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum（动量守恒定律）momenta（pl.）动量4.4 Center of Mass（质心）vector notation矢量表示continuous object连续物体element of mass 质元4.5 Motion of the Center of Mass（质心的运动）conserved 守恒的isolated syste

22、m 孤立系统4.6 Angular Momentum of a Particle（质点的角动量）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统4.7 Conservation Law of Angular Momentum（角动量守恒定律）Kepler 开普勒ellipse椭圆Chapter 6 Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis （刚体的定轴转动）6.1 Motion of a Rigid Body（刚体的运动）rigid body刚体 parallelogram rule 平行四边形法则translation 平动 a

23、n extended body 空间实体rotation 转动 nondeformable 不变形的resultant motion 合运动 parallel平行fixed axis 固定轴 counterclockwise motion 逆时针运动angular acceleration 角加速度 clockwise motion顺时针运动separation 间隔 translation 平动angular velocity 角速度 trajectory 轨迹6.2 Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律）mo

24、ment of inertia 转动惯量 rotation axis 旋转轴torque 力矩 proportionality constant比例常数element of mass 质元 line of action of force 力的作用线analogue 类似；相似 perpendicular distance垂直距离distribution of mass 质量分布 pivot about 围绕旋转；以为轴旋转moment arm 力臂 is proportional to与成正比6.3 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bod

25、ies（转动惯量的计算）an extended body 延续实体 hoop圆环spherical shell薄球壳 solid sphere实心球spherical cavity球腔 linear density线密度6.4 Application of Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律应用）orientation 方向；方位 atwoods machine伍德机brake制动器，刹车 pedal踏板sprocket链轮齿 bearing轴承pulley滑轮 nonslip 无滑动6.5 Conservat

26、ion of Angular Momentum with Respect to the Fixed Axis（对定轴角动量守恒）resultant external torque合外力矩 isolated隔离的valid 有效；适用 pin 销；轴hapter 7 Electric Fields of Stationary Electric Charges （静止电荷的电场）7.1 Charge（电荷）Electricity电学 magnetism磁学accelerator 加速器interatomic原子间的amber琥珀magnetite磁铁矿electrification充电magnet

27、磁铁charge 电荷quantized量子化的quantization量子化proton质子electrically charged带电的charged body带电体conservation守恒uncharged不带电的7.2 Coulombs Law（库仑定律）Coulombs Law库仑定律inversely proportional to相反地separating 分开的permittivity介电常数hydrogen氢opposite sign符号相反7.3 The Electric Field（电场）electric field 电场test charge检验电荷distribu

28、tion分布X-ray X-射线lightning闪电electronic电子的intermolecular分子间的rub摩擦magnesia氧化镁electromagnetism电磁学plastic rod塑料棒repel排斥attract 吸引suspend悬挂neutron中子electron电子neutral中性的integer整数integral multiple整数倍proportional to正比于square平方product乘积repulsive排斥Coulomb constant库仑常数superposition principle叠加原理electric field (

29、intensity) 电场强度source charge场源电荷radio waves无线电波atmosphere大气thundercloud 雷雨云7.4 Calculation of Electric Field（电场的计算）stationarydenominatorelectric dipoleelectric dipole moment spherically symmetric continuous charge distributioncharge element strategy静止的分母电偶极子电偶极矩球对称电荷连续分布元电荷策略bisector平分线manipulation处

30、理linear charge density电荷线密度surface charge density 电荷面密度volume charge density电荷体密度ring charge带电圆环charged disk带电圆盘infinite plate of charge无限大带电平面7.5 Electric Field Lines and Electric Flux（电场线和电通量）electric field lines电场线 electric flux电通量infinity无穷远 visualize形象化strength强度 penetrate穿过qualitative定量的 closed surface闭合曲面align排列 thread线int