中考英语语法知识总结全.docx

1、中考英语语法知识总结全代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these,

2、 those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ ano ther, all/ both, n either/ eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，

3、复数为 ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should lear n to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don have any bookmarks.I have some questi ons to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some banan as?Could you give me some mon ey?3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时， some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have r

4、ead this article in some magaz ine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示 大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each 禾口 every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each stude nt has a pocket dict ion ary. / Each (of u

5、s) has a dict ion ary. / We each have a dicti on ary.Every stude nt has strong and weak poin ts. / Every one of us has stro ng and weak poin ts.3. none 禾口 no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可 以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of

6、the stude nts are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 禾口 another:1) other 泛指 另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如： the other day, every other week, some other reason,no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others 。如：He held a book in one hand and his no tes in the other.Two stude nts in our class failed, but all the

7、 others passed the exam.2) an other指又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others ，泛指别的人或事”女口：I don like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me ano ther pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eithernone.all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数

8、。 both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neitherAll of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四形容词和副词I.形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰 some, any, every, no 禾口 body, thing,

9、 onen obody abse nt, everyth ing possible等构成的复合不定代词时2以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最咼级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only soluti on possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only pers on awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man

10、 difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词 前的 形容 词冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有 格序数 词基数 词性质状态大小长短形状新旧 温度颜色国籍 产地材料质地名 词all both suchthe a this ano ther yoursec on d n extone fourbeautif ul good poorlarge short squarenewcoolblack yellowChin eseLondonsilk stone3) 复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkin d-hearted6名词+形容词

11、world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-lov ing3形容词+现在分词ordin ary-look ing8名词+过去分词sno w-covered4副词+现在分词hard-work ing9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词n ewly-built10数词+名词twen ty-yearII. 副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon, now, early, fin ally, once, recen tly5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, n ever2地点副词here, n ear

12、by, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, whe n, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, whe n, where, why, whether, however, mea nwhile4程度副词almost, n early, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词whe n, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加 -er和-es

13、t ,多音节和一些双音节词前加 more和most。1. 同级比较时常常用 as as以及 not so(as) as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有： much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a greatdeal 。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用 “the morethe more句型。如： The harder you work, the more progress youwill make.4. 用比较级来表达最

14、高级的意思。如： I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school isfour times the size of yours.6. 表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如： favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。五介词I.介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after,

15、 aga in st, among, around, at, below, bey ond, duri ng, in, on2合成介词in side, in to, on to, out of, outside, throughout, upon, with in,without3短语介词accord ing to, because of, i nstead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to4双重介词from among, from beh ind, from un der, till after, i n betwee n5分词转化成的介 词co

16、nsidering（ 就而论）,including6形容词转化成的 介词like, un like, n ear, n ext, oppositeII. 常用介词区别:1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的 si nee, fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间， 和元成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在 过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on,toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之 外5表示“在上”的o

17、n,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物 部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过， 与in有关，across表示在表面上通 过，与on有关7表示关于 的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between 与 among的区另Ubetween 表示在两者之间， among用于二者或二者以上的中间9besides 与 except 的区别besides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什 么”，不放在句首10表示用 的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度里，单位， 语言，声音11as与l

18、ike 的区别as意为 作为，以地位或身份 ，like为 象一样，指情形相似12 in 与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位 置六.动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有 16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are aski ngwas/were aski ngshall/will be aski ngshould/would be ask ing完成have/has askedhad askedsh

19、all/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进 行have/has bee n aski nghad been ask ingshall/will have bee n ask ingshould/would have bee n aski ng2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1） 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加 “已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel writte n by t

20、he world-famous writer.（ 已经看过，且了解这本书的内容 ）2） 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态， 和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用， 汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last mon th.（ 只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住 ）I lived in Beijing for ten years. （只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时， 多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行

21、，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成 进行时。I have read that book. 我读过那本书了。I have bee n readi ng that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten n ext year.2be going to+ 动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事， 或表示很有可能要发生某事It going to clear up. were go

22、ing to have a party toni ght.3be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave,arrive等词可用进仃时表示按计划 即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leavi ng forEurope?4be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的 动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave whe n the bell rang.The meet ing is about to close.5be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征

23、求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将 来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事 情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meet ing starts at five oclock.The pla ne leaves at ten this evening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语 态构成常用被动语 态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has bee n asked3一般将来时shall/will be

24、 asked8过去完成时had bee n asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have bee nasked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动 词的can/must/may be asked注 意 事 项被动语态的否疋式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 begoi ng to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Trees should not be planted in su

25、mmer. / The boy was madefun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is gen erally con sidered that It is said that It is well known that It must be poin ted out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must

26、be admitted that It is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/n eeds/requires repairi ng.The book is worth readi ng twice.The door won shut. / The play won tact.The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, en ter, reach, be

27、come, ben efit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit,fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, con sist of, have on, 1 ose heart 等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句 或疑问句中）can not / cannot/can d

28、oCando?Yes,can. No,ca n .couldcouldn domay可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not doMay do ? Yes,may. No,mustn t/can .mightmight not doMight do?Yes,might No,might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn doMust do ? Yes,must.No,neednt/don have to.have to只好，不得不（客观的必须， 有时态人称变化）don have to do

29、Do have to do ?Yes,do.No,don .ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldought not to/ought n to doOughtto do ? Yes, ought.No,oughtn .shall将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于三人称表示许诺、叩 令、警告、威胁等shall not/shan doShall do ?Yes,shall. No,shan .should应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味）shouldno t/should n doShould do?will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在冋句中 would 比较委婉will not/won doWill do ?Yes,will.No,wont.wouldwould no t/would n dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句 中）dare not/daren d